1.1 Define Anatomy & Physiology
Anatomy |
Physiology |
The study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts and their relationship to each other |
The study of how the body and its parts work or function |
Gross anatomy: easily observable, can be seen with the naked eye |
Many sub-divisions e.g. neurophysiology, cellular physiology |
Microscopic anatomy: only seen at high magnification (Cells & Tissues) |
1.4 Homeostasis, negative & positive feedback
Homeostasis |
Negative feedback |
Positive feedback |
The body's ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment |
Most common homeostatic control mechanism |
Rather than reversing the direction of the response, creates a loop |
Involves all body systems |
Shuts of the original stimulus, or reduces intensity of reaction |
Example is contractions in childbirth |
Must be maintained for normal body functions and to sustain life |
Works like a heater with a thermostat |
Contractions cause pain, but the production of oxytocin creates a positive feedback loop, continuing the contractions to push baby out |
Homeostatic imbalance is a disturbance in homeostasis resulting in disease, e.g., excessive sweating |
if the level of something rises, control systems reduce it again |
Positive feedback loops back to homeostasis through response, negative feedback reverses to homeostasis by opposing stimulus |
Examples of how homeostatic imbalance affects body: imbalanced reproductive hormones could lead to infertility, imbalance of calcium could lead to osteoporosis |
If the level of something falls, control systems rise it again |
Communicates through neural and hormonal contriol systems: Receptor (Detects change and sends information to control centre) -> Control centre (Determines set point, analyses information and determines appropriate response)-> Effector (Carries out necessary change) |
|
|
1.2 Levels of structural organisation
Chemicals - e.g. Atoms: Carbon, Hydrogen etc. |
Molecules - e.g. water, sugar, protein |
Organelles - e.g. mitochondria |
Cells - e.g. bone cell, muscle cell |
Tissues - e.g. connective |
Organs - e.g. lungs |
Organ system - e.g. cardiovascular |
Organism - e.g. made up of many organs (humans) |
1.3 Types of tissue
There are 4 types of tissue: Epithelial, Connective, Muscle & Nervous |
Epithelial: Covers body surfaces and lines cavities; Forms glands; Closely packed; Always has a free surface (not covered by another tissue) |
Nervous: Conducts electrical signals; Protects, binds, and supports the body and its organs; Stores energy & helps with immunity; Most abundant & widely distributed; Serves as transport system; Can be fluid, semi-solid, or solid |
Muscle: Specialised cells that contract and shorten; In the process generates heat |
Connective: Cells organised to provide protection, support, and 'holding together'; Detects changes to the internal and external body; Responds by generating electrical signals (action potentials) |
1.5 Major organ systems and their major function
11 organ systems |
Integumentary - Largest organ of the body; forms a protective layer from external environment; skin, hair, nails & associated glands (sweat, mammary, sebaceous and ceruminous |
Skeletal - Support structure for your body; allows movement; makes blood cells; stores minerals |
Muscular - Attached to bones or organs and blood vessels; responsible for movement |
Nervous - Transmits signals between brain and body; controls ability to see, move, think, breathe etc |
Endocrine - Made up of the body's different hormones; regulates all biological processes; |
Cardiovascular - Supplies body;s organs with oxygen and nutrients; also carries CO2 and waste for disposal |
Digestive - Breaks down food into nutrients to make those nutrients absorbable |
Lymphatic - Part of immune system; protects body from illness; mainatins fluid levels etc |
Respiratory - A group of organs and tissues that work together to make you breathe; moves fresh air in the body and removes CO2 waste |
Reproductive - Collection of organs that allow the body to impregnate/become pregnant |
Urinary - Filter blood and create urine as a waste byproduct |
All work together to maintain a healthy body |
|
Created By
Metadata
Comments
No comments yet. Add yours below!
Add a Comment
Related Cheat Sheets
More Cheat Sheets by felixcharlie