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Anatomy and Physiology Lecture 2
Functions of CellsBasic unit of life | Cell metabolism and energy release | Synthesis of molecules | Communication | Reproduction and inheritance |
Whole Cell ActivityA cells characteristics are determined by the type of proteins it produces | Proteins' function is determined by genetics | Information in DNA provides the cell with a cade for its cellular processes |
OsmosisWhat is it? | Diffusion of water across a cell membrane | Osmotic Pressure | the force required to prevent movement of water across cell membrane |
A measure of the tendency of water to move by osmosis across a selectively permeable membrane Osmotic Solutions Hypotonic Solutions | Hypertonic Solutions | Isotonic Solutions | - lower concentration of solutes outside cell | higher concentration of solutes outside cell | Equal concentrations of solutes | Higher concentration of H2O outside cell | higher concentration of H2O inside cell | Water doesn't move | H2O moves into cell | H2O moves out | Cell remains intact | LYSIS (burst) | Crenation (shrinks) |
Cell StructuresCytoplasm | - Location | Inside cell | - Characteristic | Jelly-like fluid | - Function | Give cell shape and hold organelles in place | Nucleus (not part of the cytoplasm) | - Location | Center of cell | - Characteristics | All cells contain nucleus at some point | - Function | Houses DNA | Nuclear Envelope | - Location: edge of nucleus | Nuclear Pores | - Location | Surface of nucleus | - Function | Where materials pass in and out of nucleus | Chromosome | - Location | Inside nucleus | - Characteristic | Made of DNA and proteins | - Function | Part of genetic makeup | Chromatin | - Location | Inside nucleus | - Characteristic | Loosely coiled chromosomes | Nucleolus | - Location | in nucleus | - Function | produce ribosomes that are then transported to the cytoplasm | Ribosome | - Location | attached to rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) or free-floating in cytoplasm | - Function | Produce proteins | RER (Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum) | - Location | Cytoplasm | - Characteristic | Membranes with ribosomes attached | - Function | Site of protein synthesis | SER (Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum) | - Location | Cytoplasm | - Characteristic | membranes with no ribosomes | - Function | Site of lipid synthesis | Golgi Apparatus | - Location | Cytoplasm | - Characteristic | Closely, packed stacks of membranes | - Function | Collect, sort, package, and distribute proteins and lipids | Secretory Vesicle | - Location | Cytoplasm | - Function | Distributes materials out of cell | Lysosome | - Location | Cytoplasm | - Function | Enzymes that digest foreign material | Mitochondria | - Location | Cytoplasm | - Characteristics | Contains folds (cristae) | - Function | Produces ATP |
| | Main Components of a cellPlasma or cell membrane | Organelles | Cytoplasm |
Jobs of the Cell Membrane1. Separate the inside from the outside of the cell | 2. Enable the immune system to recognize the cell as self or non-self --> marker glycoproteins or glycolipids | 3. Attach cells together or to the extracellular matrix --> adhesion proteins | 4. Receive signals from outside the cell and transmit the signals to inside the cell --> receptor proteins | 5. Selectively transport substances from inside to outside the cell, or outside to inside the cell via transport mechanisms |
Movement through the Cell Membrane- Cell membrane selectively determines what can pass in and out of the cell | - Enzymes, glycogen, and potassium are found in higher concentrations INSIDE the cell | - Sodium, calcium, and chloride are found in higher concentrations OUTSIDE the cell | - Nutrients must be able to enter the cell and waste products must be able to exit the cell | 1. Directly through diffusion (passive): | O2 and CO2 (small molecules) | 2. Facilitated diffusion (passive) through membrane channels: | - proteins that extend from one side of the cell membrane to other
- Size, shape and charge (+/-) determine what can go through
- Ex. Na+ passes through Na+ channels | 3. Carrier molecules: | - bind to molecules, transport them across, and drop them off | 4. Vesicles: | - Can transport a variety of materials
- Fuse with cell membrane |
EndocytosisWhat is it? | Process that brings materials into cell using vesicles | 1. Phagocytosis | Cell eating (solid particles) | 2. Pinocytosis | Cell drinking (liquid particles) | 3. Receptor mediated endocytosis |
CytoskeletonWhat is is? | - Cells framework
- Made of proteins | Functions | - Provide support
- Hold organelles in place
- enable cell to change shape | Types of Cytoskeleton | Microtubules | - Largest diamete
- Provide structural support
- Form cilia and flagella | Intermediate filaments | - Medium diameter
- maintain cell shape | Microfilaments | - Smallest diameter
- Involved in cell movement |
Cell Division- Formation of 2 daughter cells from a single parent cell | - Uses mitosis and meiosis | - each cell (except sperm and egg) contains 46 chromosomes (diploid) | - Sperm and egg contain 23 chromosomes (haploid) | Mitosis | - Cell division that occurs in all cells except sex cells | - Forms 2 daughter cells | 1. Interphase: 46 chromosomes | 2. Prophase: Chromosomes doubled to 92 | 3. Prometaphase: Nucleus dissolves and microtubules attach to centromeres | 4. Metaphase: Chromosomes align at middle of cell | 5. Anaphase: Separated chromosomes pulled apart | 6. Telophase: Microtubules disappear cell division begins | 7. Cytokinesis: Two daughter cells formed each with 46 chromosomes |
| | Cell MembraneFuntions: | - Selective barrier
-Encloses cytoplasm | Extracellular | Material outside of cell | Intracellular | Material inside cell membrane | Fluid Mosaic Model | a 2D liquid in which phospoholipids and proteins diffuse easily | Made of phospholipids and proteins | phospholipids form a double layer or bilayer | Polar Region | - "heads"
- hydrophilic
- exposed to H2O | Nonpolar Regions | - "tails"
- hydrophobic
- away from H2O |
cell membrane consists of phospholipids, cholesterol (for strength and flexibility), and proteins DiffusionWhat is it? | movement of molecules from areas of high to low concentration | Solution | solid, liquid, or gas that contains one or more solutes | Solute | Substance added to solvent that dissolves | Solvent | Substance such as H2O that solute is being added to | Is energy required? | no |
Mediated Transport MechanismsFacilitated diffusion | - diffusion with aid of a carrier molecule
- requires no ATP
- passive transport | Active transport | - moves substance from low to high concentration
- required ATP
Ex. Sodium-potassium pump | Cotransport | - a diffusing substance moves in same direction as a transported substance | Counterporter protein | - a diffusing substance moves in direction opposite to that of transported substance |
Microtubules of the CytoskeletonCentriole | - Composed of 9 microtubules | Centrosome | - 2 centrioles oriented perpendicular to one another. Plays a role in mitosis | Flagella | - Location | Cell surface | - Characteristic | 1 per cell | - Function | move cell, Eg. Sperm | Cilia | - Location | Cell Surface | - Characteristic | Many per cell | - Function | Move materials across cell's surface | Microvilli | - Location | Cell Surface | - Characteristic | Shorter than cilia | - Function | Increase surface area |
DNADouble helix | Deoxyribose-phosphate backbone | Nucleotide base pairs | Backbone = sugar (ribose-phosphate) | Gene Expression | - information in DNA directs protein synthesis | - nucleotide sequence of a gene determines amino acid sequence of specific protein | - Enzymes regulate chemical reactions | - Uses transcription and translation |
Flow of Genetic InformationCentral Dogma | DNA - transcribe - RNA - translate - Protein | Transcription | - Process by which DNA is read | - Occurs in the nucleus | - Produces mRNA | - mRNA contains codons | - Codons: set of 3 nucleotide bases that code for a particular amino acid | Translation | - Process by mRNA is converted into amino acids (polypeptides) | - Produces proteins | - Codons pair with anticodons | - anticodons: 3 nucleotide bases carried by tRNA |
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