Anatomy & Physiology Unit 2: Histology Cheat Sheet

Epithelial Tissue

epi: above, over, outer

characteristics:

1) closely packaged cells

2) polarity: apical (free) surface and basal (attached) surface

3) supported underneath by connective tissue

4) has nerves, but no blood vessels (avascular)

5) can regenerate easily

Types of Epithelium Image

What makes a tissue connective?

1) common origin: mesenchyme

2) variation in blood supply

~blood and bone are vascular

~tendons and ligaments are poorly vascular

3) extracellular matrix

~ground substance, fibers, cells

Ground Substance, Fibers, Cells Image

Root Words

-blast: build, create

-cyte: cell

Adip-: fat

Chondro-: cartilage

Osteo-: bone

Hema-: blood

Cartilage Tissue Image

Epithelial Glands

gland: group of epithelial cells that make and secrete a product

secretion: both the process and the "stuff" that comes out of a gland

Glands in Skin Image

Exocrine Gland Examples

merocrine gland: no part of the cell is lost with the secretion (ex: salivary gland)

apocrine gland: the top of the cell is lost with the secretion (ex: mammary glands)

holocrine gland: the whole cell detaches with the secretion (ex: sebaceous glands)

Exocrine Gland Examples Image

Cardiac Muscles

structure:	~branched
	~1 or 2 nuclei
	~striated
speed:	~in between slow and fast
control:	~involuntary (automatic; brain takes over)
location:	~heart

Cardiac Muscle Image

Serous Membrane

structure:	~composed of the mesothelium
	~outer layer: lines the body cavities called parietal
	~inner layer: covers the internal organs called visceral
	~made up of simple squamous epithelial cells and loose connective tissue
function:	secretes serous fluid that lubricates the membrane and reduces abrasion and friction between the two layers
location:	~line the body cavities closed to the exterior of the body
	~~ex) the peritoneal, pleural, and pericardial cavities

Layers of Epithelial Tissue

simple: one layer

stratified: more than one layer

Layers of Epithelial Tissue Image

Where can we find some of this tissue?

squamous: walls of capillaries and alveoli in lungs

cuboidal: lining of ducts in glands

columnar: lining of airways

stratified squamous: skin and lining of mouth

Where can we find some of this tissue? Image

Areolar Tissue Image

Bone Tissue Image

Endocrine Gland

structure: varied

function: endocrine glands produce hormones that are secreted into surrounding extracellular space

~stay inside the body

~travel to other organs/cells to have an effect

location: ex) pineal, hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, thymus, adrenal, pancreas, ovary, and testes

Endocrine Gland Image

Smooth Muscles

structure:	~spindle shaped
	~1 nuclei
speed:	~slow
control:	~involuntary (automatic; brain takes over)
location:	~walls of hollow organs (e.g. stomach)
	~walls of blood vessels

Smooth Muscle Image

Nervous Tissue

composed of:	~neurons
	~supporting cells
function:	~generate and transmit chemical and electrical signals to...
	1) respond to stimulus
	2) communicate within the body
location:	~brain
	~spinal cord
	~peripheral nerves (throughout body tissues)

Nervous Tissue Image

Cutaneous Membrane

structure:	~consists of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
function:	~protects the body from desiccation and pathogens
location:	~skin, covers the body surface

Shape of Cells

squamous: cells are flat

cuboidal: cells are shaped like cubes

columnar: cells are shaped like columns

basement membrane: bottom; connective tissue

pseudostratified columnar: false layers of columnar shaped cells

Shape of Cells Image

Connective Tissue

most abundant and widely distributed tissue

functions:

1) binding and support

2) protection

3) insulation

4) transport substances

Connective Tissue Fibers

provide support

~elastic: branched; provides stretch

~reticular: fine branched network

~collagen: no branching; strength

Connective Tissue Cells

fibroblast: make connective tissue proper

chondroblast: make cartilage

osteoblast: make bone

hematopoietic stem cell: make blood

Adipose Tissue Image

Blood Image

Exocrine Gland

structure: unicellular and multicellular (simple (unbranched) and compound (branched))

function: secrete out onto body cavity surfaces or on to body surfaces

location: skin and body cavities

~ex) goblet cells: produce mucus in the intestinal and respiratory tracts

~ex) sweat, oil, salivary glands...

Exocrine Gland Image

Goblet Cell Image

Skeletal Muscles

structure:	~multinucleated
	~straight
	~striated
speed:	~fast
control:	~voluntary (you control it)
location:	~throughout the body
	~attached to tendons and bone
	~attach to aponeurosis

Skeletal Muscle Image

Mucous Membrane

structure:	~coated with secretions of mucous glands
	~composite of connective and epithelial tissue
function:	~secrete mucous
	~helps support the fragile epithelial layers
	~prevents bodily tissues from becoming dehydrated
location:	~line the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts

Membrane Locations Image

Created By

julescrisfulla

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Languages: English

Published: 26th November, 2020
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