Anatomy vs. Physiologyanatomy: structure of an organism (what does it look like?) | physiology: function of an organism (what does it do?) |
Human Body Systemsdigestive | immune | circulatory | integumentary | nervous | lymphatic | excretory | reproductive | respiratory | endocrine | skeletal | muscular |
Excretory Systemanatomy: | physiology: | kidneys | 1) removes waste products from cellular metabolism (urea, water, carbon dioxide) | ureters | 2) filters blood | bladder | urethra | lungs | skin (sweat glands) | liver (produces urea) |
Skeletal Systemanatomy: | physiology: | bones | 1) protects organs | cartilage | 2) provides shape, support | ligaments | 3) stores materials (fats, minerals) | | | 4) produces blood cells | | | 5) allows movement |
Endocrine Systemanatomy: | physiology: | glands (produce hormones) | 1) regulates body activities using hormones. slow response, long lasting | ~hypothalamus | ~pituitary | ~thyroid | ~thymus | ~adrenal | ~pancreas | ~ovaries | ~testes |
Reproductive Systemanatomy: | physiology: | ovaries (produce eggs) | 1) allows organisms to reproduce which prevents their species from becoming extinct | testes (produce sperm) |
Reproductive System Image
Negative Feedbackwhen the effector(s) activated by the control center oppose or eliminate stimulus | ex) blood sugar regulation |
Negative Feedback Image (Blood Sugar Regulation)
Regional Terms: Posterior Viewcephalic: head | otic: ear | occipital: back of head or base of skull | acromial: point of shoulder | vertebral: spinal column | scapular: shoulder blade | lumbar: loin | brachial: arm | olecranal: back of elbow | dorsum/dorsal: back | manus: hand | sacral: between hips | gluteal: buttock | perineal: region between anus and external genitalia | femoral: thigh | popliteal: back of knee | sural: calf | calcaneal: heel | plantar: sole |
Regional Terms: Posterior View Image
Inferior (Orientation and Directional Term)also known as caudal | away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below | ex) the navel is inferior to the breastbone |
Inferior (Orientation and Directional Term) Image
Intermediate (Orientation and Directional Term)between a more medial and a more lateral structure | ex) the armpit is intermediate between the breastbone and shoulder |
Intermediate (Orientation and Directional Term) Im
Superficial (Orientation and Directional Term)toward or at the body surface | ex) the skin is superficial to the skeleton |
Superficial (Orientation and Directional Term) Img
Deep (Orientation and Directional Term)away from the body surface; more internal | ex) the lungs are deep to the rib cage |
Deep (Orientation and Directional Term) Image
Abdominopelvic Quadrants Image
CTfull name: computed tomography | how does it work? different tissues absorb the electromagnetic radiation in various amount | what does it show? shows cross sectional pictures of the body region scanned | when is it used? used to evaluate brain and abdominal problems without the need of exploratory surgery |
MRIfull name: magnetic resonance imaging | how does it work? magnetic energy causes the spin of hydrogen molecules, and their energy is enhanced by radio waves; when the radio waves are turned off, energy is released and translated by a computer into a visual image | what does it show? dense structures do not show and soft tissue, like the the brain, can be evaluated | when is it used? to evaluate soft tissue, brain, intervertebral pads and cartilage to detect degenerative disease |
| | Levels of Organizationatoms -> molecules -> macromolecules -> organelles -> cells -> tissues -> organs -> organ systems -> organism |
8 Necessary Life Functions (Human)1) maintain boundaries: inside is separate from the outside | 2) movement: whole body and cellular level | 3) responsiveness/irritability: sense and respond to changes in the environment | 4) digestion: breaking down food to nutrients | 5) metabolism: breaking down and building molecules for energy | 6) excretion: remove wastes from the body | 7) reproduction: cellular or organismal level | 8) growth: cellular or organismal level |
Circulatory Systemanatomy: | physiology: | heart | 1) transport materials to and from cells | veins | arteries | capillaries | blood |
Circulatory System Image
Respiratory Systemanatomy: | physiology: | nose | 1) takes in oxygen and removes carbon dioxide and water | trachea | bronchi | bronchioles | alveoli | lungs |
Respiratory System Image
Immune Systemanatomy: | physiology: | white blood cells | 1) fights off foreign invaders in the body | ~T cells | ~B cells (produce antibodies) | ~macrophages | skin |
Lymphatic Systemanatomy: | physiology: | lymph (liquid part of blood - plasma, when it is in lymph vessels) | 1) stores and carries white blood cells that fight disease | lymph vessels | 2) collects excess fluid and returns it to blood (second circulatory system - reaches places other one can't - between cells) | lymph nodes | contain white blood cells |
Positive Feedbackinitial stimulus produces a response that exaggerates or enhances its effects; less common | ex) labor and delivery |
Positive Feedback Image (Labor and Delivery)
The Language of Anatomyspecial terminology is used to prevent misunderstandings | exact terms are used for: | ~position | ~regions | ~direction | ~structures |
Superior (Orientation and Directional Term)toward the head end or upper part of a structure of the body; above | ex) the forehead is superior to the nose |
Superior (Orientation and Directional Term) Image
Anterior (Orientation and Directional Term)also known as ventral | toward or at the front of the body; in front of | ex) the breastbone is anterior to the spine |
Anterior (Orientation and Directional Term) Image
Lateral (Orientation and Directional Term)away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of | ex) the arms are lateral to the chest |
Lateral (Orientation and Directional Term) Image
Distal (Orientation and Directional Term)farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk | ex) the knee is distal to the thigh |
Distal (Orientation and Directional Term) Image
Body Cavitiesdorsal body cavity | ventral body cavity | ~cranial cavity (brain) | ~thoracic cavity (lungs) | ~spinal cavity (spinal cord) | ~abdominopelvic cavity | | | ~~abdominal cavity (abdomen) | | | ~~pelvic cavity (pelvis) |
PET Scanfull name: positron emission tomography | how does it work? requires an injection of short-lived radioisotopes that have been tagged to biological molecules (ie. glucose) in order to view metabolic processes | what does it show? provides insights into brain activity in people affected by mental illness, Alzheimer's disease, and epilepsy | when is it used? to diagnose areas of impairment in the brain |
fMRIfull name: functional magnetic resonance imaging | how does it work? follows blood flow in the brain in real time | what does it show? shows brain activity | when is it used? to diagnose brain disease; can not be used in the presence of metal in the body, pacemakers, and tooth fillings |
| | Digestive Systemanatomy: | physiology: | mouth | 1) take in food (ingestion) | esophagus | 2) digest food into smaller molecules and absorb nutrients | small intestine | 3) remove undigested food from body (feces) | large intestine | rectum | anus | salivary glands | pancreas | liver | gallbladder |
Nervous Systemanatomy: | physiology: | brain | 1) gathers and interprets information | spinal cord | 2) responds to information | nerves | 3) helps maintain homeostasis | hypothalamus |
Muscular Systemanatomy: | physiology: | cardiac muscle | 1) allows for movement by contracting | smooth muscle | skeletal muscle | tendons |
Integumentary Systemanatomy: | physiology: | skin | 1) barrier against infection (first line of defense) | ~epidermis | 2) helps regulate body temperature | ~dermis | 3) removes excretory waste (urea, water) | ~~sweat gland | 4) protects against sun's UV rays | ~~sebaceous gland | 5) produces vitamin D | ~~hair follicle | ~~blood vessels | ~~nerves |
Integumentary System Image
Homeostasis"homeo-" = same | "-stasis" = standing or status | goal: to maintain a relatively constant internal environment |
Positive Feedback vs. Negative Feedback
Regional Terms: Anterior Viewaxial: head, neck, and trunk | appendicular: appendages or limbs | nasal: nose | oral: mouth | cervical: neck | frontal: forehead | orbital: eye | buccal: cheek | mental: chin | acromial: point of shoulder | axillary: armpit | abdominal: abdomen | sternal: breastbone | thoracic: chest | mammary: breast | umbilical: naval (belly button) | brachial: arm | antecubital: front of elbow | antebrachial: forearm | carpal: wrist | pollex: thumb | palmar: palm | digital: fingers | coxal: hip | pelvic: pelvis | inguinal: groin | pubic: genital region | femoral: thigh | patellar: anterior knee | crural: leg | fibular/peroneal: side of leg | pedal: foot | tarsal: ankle | digital: toes | hallux: big toe |
Regional Terms: Anterior View Image
Posterior (Orientation and Directional Term)also known as dorsal | toward or at the backside of the body; behind | ex) the heart is posterior to the breastbone |
Posterior (Orientation and Directional Term) Image
Medial (Orientation and Directional Term)toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of | ex) the heart is medial to the arm |
Medial (Orientation and Directional Term) Image
Proximal (Orientation and Directional Term)close to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk | ex) the elbow is proximal to the wrist (elbow is closer to shoulder or attachment point of arm than wrist is) |
Proximal (Orientation and Directional Term) Image
Xrayfull name: radiograph | how does it work? shadowy negative image of internal structures produced by directing electromagnetic waves of very short wavelength at the body | what does it show? best to visualize hard, body structures and locate abnormally dense structures (tumors, tuberculosis nodules) in the lungs and breasts | when is it used? to diagnose fractures and dense tumors |
Ultrasoundfull name: ultrasonography | how does it work? high frequency sound waves is its energy source; the sound waves go through the tissues without harming them, and the echoes are recorded | what does it show? it shows visual images of body organs | when is it used? preferred method for fetal evaluation |
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