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\author{Morghay123}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (cell-structure-and-function.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (Morghay123)
  /Subject (Cell Structure and Function Cheat Sheet)
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        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Cell Structure and Function Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{Morghay123} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/53154/cs/14396/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}Morghay123 \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/morghay123} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Published 20th January, 2018.\\
   Updated 20th January, 2018.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg}
  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{multicols*}{3}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Functions of Cells}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Basic unit of life} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Cell metabolism and energy release} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Synthesis of molecules} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Communication} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 4
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Reproduction and inheritance} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Whole Cell Activity}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{A cells characteristics are determined by the type of proteins it produces} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Proteins' function is determined by genetics} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Information in DNA provides the cell with a cade for its cellular processes} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.44333 cm} x{3.53367 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Osmosis}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
What is it? & Diffusion of water across a cell membrane \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Osmotic Pressure & the force required to prevent movement of water across cell membrane \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{A measure of the tendency of water to move by osmosis across a selectively permeable membrane}  \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.64772 cm} x{1.64772 cm} x{1.28156 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Osmotic Solutions}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{ Hypotonic Solutions}} & {\bf{ Hypertonic Solutions}} & {\bf{Isotonic Solutions}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
- lower concentration of solutes outside cell & higher concentration of solutes outside cell & Equal \seqsplit{concentrations} of solutes \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Higher concentration of H2O outside cell & higher concentration of H2O inside cell & Water doesn't move \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
H2O moves into cell & H2O moves out & Cell remains intact \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
LYSIS (burst) & Crenation (shrinks) &  \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.4931 cm} x{3.4839 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cell Structures}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Cytoplasm}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
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- Location & Inside cell \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
- \seqsplit{Characteristic} & Jelly-like fluid \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
- Function & Give cell shape and hold organelles in place \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 4
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Nucleus}} (not part of the cytoplasm)} \tn 
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% Row 5
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- Location & Center of cell \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
% Row 6
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- \seqsplit{Characteristics} & All cells contain nucleus at some point \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 7
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- Function & Houses DNA \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 1)
% Row 8
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% Row 9
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{- Location: edge of nucleus} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 1)
% Row 10
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% Row Count 14 (+ 1)
% Row 11
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- Location & Surface of nucleus \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 1)
% Row 12
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- Function & Where materials pass in and out of nucleus \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 2)
% Row 13
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% Row 14
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- Location & Inside nucleus \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 1)
% Row 15
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- \seqsplit{Characteristic} & Made of DNA and proteins \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 2)
% Row 16
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- Function & Part of genetic makeup \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 1)
% Row 17
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% Row 18
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- Location & Inside nucleus \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 1)
% Row 19
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- \seqsplit{Characteristic} & Loosely coiled chromosomes \tn 
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% Row 20
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Nucleolus}}} \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 1)
% Row 21
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- Location & in nucleus \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 1)
% Row 22
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
- Function & produce ribosomes that are then transported to the cytoplasm \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 3)
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cell Structures (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 23
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Ribosome}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 24
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- Location & attached to rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) or free-floating in cytoplasm \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 3)
% Row 25
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
- Function & Produce proteins \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 26
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{RER (Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum)}}} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 27
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
- Location & Cytoplasm \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 28
\SetRowColor{white}
- \seqsplit{Characteristic} & Membranes with ribosomes attached \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 29
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- Function & Site of protein synthesis \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
% Row 30
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{SER (Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum)}}} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 1)
% Row 31
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
- Location & Cytoplasm \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 1)
% Row 32
\SetRowColor{white}
- \seqsplit{Characteristic} & membranes with no ribosomes \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 2)
% Row 33
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
- Function & Site of lipid synthesis \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 1)
% Row 34
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Golgi Apparatus}}} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 1)
% Row 35
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
- Location & Cytoplasm \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 1)
% Row 36
\SetRowColor{white}
- \seqsplit{Characteristic} & Closely, packed stacks of membranes \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 2)
% Row 37
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
- Function & Collect, sort, package, and distribute proteins and lipids \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 3)
% Row 38
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Secretory Vesicle}}} \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 1)
% Row 39
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
- Location & Cytoplasm \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 1)
% Row 40
\SetRowColor{white}
- Function & Distributes materials out of cell \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 2)
% Row 41
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Lysosome}}} \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 1)
% Row 42
\SetRowColor{white}
- Location & Cytoplasm \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 1)
% Row 43
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
- Function & Enzymes that digest foreign material \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 2)
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\vfill
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.4931 cm} x{3.4839 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cell Structures (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 44
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Mitochondria}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 45
\SetRowColor{white}
- Location & Cytoplasm \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 46
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
- \seqsplit{Characteristics} & Contains folds (cristae) \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 47
\SetRowColor{white}
- Function & Produces ATP \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Main Components of a cell}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Plasma or cell membrane} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Organelles} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Cytoplasm} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Jobs of the Cell Membrane}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{1. Separate the inside from the outside of the cell} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{2. Enable the immune system to recognize the cell as self or non-self -{}-\textgreater{} marker glycoproteins or glycolipids} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{3. Attach cells together or to the extracellular matrix -{}-\textgreater{} adhesion proteins} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{4. Receive signals from outside the cell and transmit the signals to inside the cell -{}-\textgreater{} receptor proteins} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{5. Selectively transport substances from inside to outside the cell, or outside to inside the cell via transport mechanisms} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Movement through the Cell Membrane}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
- Cell membrane selectively determines what can pass in and out of the cell & - Enzymes, glycogen, and potassium are found in higher concentrations INSIDE the cell \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
- Sodium, calcium, and chloride are found in higher concentrations OUTSIDE the cell & - Nutrients must be able to enter the cell and waste products must be able to exit the cell \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 5)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{ 1. Directly through diffusion (passive): }} & O2 and CO2 (small molecules) \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{ 2. Facilitated diffusion (passive) through membrane channels: }} & - proteins that extend from one side of the cell membrane to other \{\{nl\}\} - Size, shape and charge (+/-) determine what can go through \{\{nl\}\} - Ex. Na+ passes through Na+ channels \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 9)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{ 3. Carrier molecules: }} & - bind to molecules, transport them across, and drop them off \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 4)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{ 4. Vesicles: }} & - Can transport a variety of materials \{\{nl\}\} - Fuse with cell membrane \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 4)
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Endocytosis}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
What is it? & Process that brings materials into cell using vesicles \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
1. \seqsplit{Phagocytosis} & Cell eating (solid particles) \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
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2. \seqsplit{Pinocytosis} & Cell drinking (liquid particles) \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{3. Receptor mediated endocytosis} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.74195 cm} x{3.23505 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cytoskeleton}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
What is is? & - Cells framework \{\{nl\}\} - Made of proteins \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Functions & - Provide support \{\{nl\}\} - Hold organelles in place \{\{nl\}\} - enable cell to change shape \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Types of Cytoskeleton}}} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Microtubules & - Largest diamete \{\{nl\}\} - Provide structural support \{\{nl\}\} - Form cilia and flagella \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 4)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Intermediate filaments & - Medium diameter \{\{nl\}\} - maintain cell shape \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{Microfilaments} & - Smallest diameter \{\{nl\}\} - Involved in cell movement \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cell Division}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- Formation of 2 daughter cells from a single parent cell} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- Uses mitosis and meiosis} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- each cell (except sperm and egg) contains 46 chromosomes ({\emph{diploid}})} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- Sperm and egg contain 23 chromosomes ({\emph{haploid}})} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Mitosis}}} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- Cell division that occurs in all cells except sex cells} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- Forms 2 daughter cells} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{1. {\emph{Interphase}}: 46 chromosomes} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 1)
% Row 8
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{2. {\emph{Prophase}}: Chromosomes doubled to 92} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 1)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{3. {\emph{Prometaphase}}: Nucleus dissolves and microtubules attach to centromeres} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 2)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{4. {\emph{Metaphase}}: Chromosomes align at middle of cell} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 2)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{5. {\emph{Anaphase}}: Separated chromosomes pulled apart} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 1)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{6. {\emph{Telophase}}: Microtubules disappear cell division begins} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 2)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{7. {\emph{Cytokinesis}}: Two daughter cells formed each with 46 chromosomes} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.28942 cm} x{2.68758 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cell Membrane}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Funtions: & - Selective barrier \{\{nl\}\} -Encloses cytoplasm \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Extracellular & Material outside of cell \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Intracellular & Material inside cell membrane \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Fluid Mosaic Model & a 2D liquid in which phospoholipids and proteins diffuse easily \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Made of phospholipids and proteins & phospholipids form a double layer or bilayer \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
Polar Region & - "heads" \{\{nl\}\} - hydrophilic \{\{nl\}\} - exposed to H2O \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 3)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Nonpolar Regions & - "tails" \{\{nl\}\} - hydrophobic \{\{nl\}\} - away from H2O \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{cell membrane consists of phospholipids, cholesterol (for strength and flexibility), and proteins}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.59264 cm} x{3.38436 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Diffusion}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
What is it? & movement of molecules from areas of high to low concentration \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Solution & solid, liquid, or gas that contains one or more solutes \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Solute & Substance added to solvent that dissolves \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Solvent & Substance such as H2O that solute is being added to \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Is energy required? & no \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.94103 cm} x{3.03597 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Mediated Transport Mechanisms}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Facilitated diffusion}} & - diffusion with aid of a carrier molecule \{\{nl\}\} - requires no ATP \{\{nl\}\} - passive transport \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Active transport}} & - moves substance from low to high concentration \{\{nl\}\} - required ATP \{\{nl\}\} {\emph{Ex. Sodium-potassium pump}} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 5)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{ Cotransport}} & - a diffusing substance moves in same direction as a transported substance \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{ Counterporter protein}} & - a diffusing substance moves in direction opposite to that of transported substance \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.44333 cm} x{3.53367 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Microtubules of the Cytoskeleton}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Centriole & - Composed of 9 microtubules \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Centrosome & - 2 centrioles oriented perpendicular to one another. Plays a role in mitosis \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Flagella}}} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
- Location & Cell surface \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
- \seqsplit{Characteristic} & 1 per cell \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
- Function & move cell, Eg. Sperm \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Cilia}}} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
- Location & Cell Surface \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 1)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
- \seqsplit{Characteristic} & Many per cell \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
- Function & Move materials across cell's surface \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 2)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Microvilli}}} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 1)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
- Location & Cell Surface \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 1)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
- \seqsplit{Characteristic} & Shorter than cilia \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 2)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
- Function & Increase surface area \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} p{0.4977 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{DNA}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Double helix} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Deoxyribose-phosphate backbone} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Nucleotide base pairs} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Backbone = sugar (ribose-phosphate)} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Gene Expression}}} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{- information in DNA directs protein synthesis} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{- {\emph{nucleotide sequence of a gene determines amino acid sequence of specific protein}}} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{- Enzymes regulate chemical reactions} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{- Uses transcription and translation} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Flow of Genetic Information}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Central Dogma & DNA - {\emph{transcribe}} - RNA - {\emph{translate}} - Protein \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Transcription}}} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
- Process by which DNA is read & - Occurs in the nucleus \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
- Produces mRNA & - mRNA contains codons \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{- Codons: set of 3 nucleotide bases that code for a particular amino acid} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Translation}}} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
- Process by mRNA is converted into amino acids (polypeptides) & - Produces proteins \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 4)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{- Codons pair with anticodons} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 1)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{- anticodons: 3 nucleotide bases carried by tRNA} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}