1.1 Define Anatomy & PhysiologyAnatomy | Physiology | The study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts and their relationship to each other | The study of how the body and its parts work or function | Gross anatomy: easily observable, can be seen with the naked eye | Many sub-divisions e.g. neurophysiology, cellular physiology | Microscopic anatomy: only seen at high magnification (Cells & Tissues) |
1.4 Homeostasis, negative & positive feedbackHomeostasis | Negative feedback | Positive feedback | The body's ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment | Most common homeostatic control mechanism | Rather than reversing the direction of the response, creates a loop | Involves all body systems | Shuts of the original stimulus, or reduces intensity of reaction | Example is contractions in childbirth | Must be maintained for normal body functions and to sustain life | Works like a heater with a thermostat | Contractions cause pain, but the production of oxytocin creates a positive feedback loop, continuing the contractions to push baby out | Homeostatic imbalance is a disturbance in homeostasis resulting in disease, e.g., excessive sweating | if the level of something rises, control systems reduce it again | Positive feedback loops back to homeostasis through response, negative feedback reverses to homeostasis by opposing stimulus | Examples of how homeostatic imbalance affects body: imbalanced reproductive hormones could lead to infertility, imbalance of calcium could lead to osteoporosis | If the level of something falls, control systems rise it again | Communicates through neural and hormonal contriol systems: Receptor (Detects change and sends information to control centre) -> Control centre (Determines set point, analyses information and determines appropriate response)-> Effector (Carries out necessary change) |
| | 1.2 Levels of structural organisationChemicals - e.g. Atoms: Carbon, Hydrogen etc. | Molecules - e.g. water, sugar, protein | Organelles - e.g. mitochondria | Cells - e.g. bone cell, muscle cell | Tissues - e.g. connective | Organs - e.g. lungs | Organ system - e.g. cardiovascular | Organism - e.g. made up of many organs (humans) |
1.3 Types of tissueThere are 4 types of tissue: Epithelial, Connective, Muscle & Nervous | Epithelial: Covers body surfaces and lines cavities; Forms glands; Closely packed; Always has a free surface (not covered by another tissue) | Nervous: Conducts electrical signals; Protects, binds, and supports the body and its organs; Stores energy & helps with immunity; Most abundant & widely distributed; Serves as transport system; Can be fluid, semi-solid, or solid | Muscle: Specialised cells that contract and shorten; In the process generates heat | Connective: Cells organised to provide protection, support, and 'holding together'; Detects changes to the internal and external body; Responds by generating electrical signals (action potentials) |
1.5 Major organ systems and their major function11 organ systems | Integumentary - Largest organ of the body; forms a protective layer from external environment; skin, hair, nails & associated glands (sweat, mammary, sebaceous and ceruminous | Skeletal - Support structure for your body; allows movement; makes blood cells; stores minerals | Muscular - Attached to bones or organs and blood vessels; responsible for movement | Nervous - Transmits signals between brain and body; controls ability to see, move, think, breathe etc | Endocrine - Made up of the body's different hormones; regulates all biological processes; | Cardiovascular - Supplies body;s organs with oxygen and nutrients; also carries CO2 and waste for disposal | Digestive - Breaks down food into nutrients to make those nutrients absorbable | Lymphatic - Part of immune system; protects body from illness; mainatins fluid levels etc | Respiratory - A group of organs and tissues that work together to make you breathe; moves fresh air in the body and removes CO2 waste | Reproductive - Collection of organs that allow the body to impregnate/become pregnant | Urinary - Filter blood and create urine as a waste byproduct | All work together to maintain a healthy body |
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