Causes of Fluid Volume DeficitCause | Symptoms | No water (dehydration) - dehydration refers to loss of pure water without a corresponding loss of sodium | Profuse sweating, hyperventilation, diabetic ketoacidosis, fevers, diarrhea, renal failure, diabetes insipidus | No Salt | Water intoxication, chronic illness, malnutrition, renal failure | Both | Losing both water & electrolytes e.g., hemorrhage, diarrhoea & vomiting |
Fluid volume excessHypervolemia | - Too much IV fluid, kidney failure, corticosteroids | Water intoxication | - CHF, ADH problems, IV fluids, psych problems, wound irrigation | Too much sodium intake | - Too much salt, 3% saline IV, too much NaHCO3 |
| | Fluid volume deficitSigns & symptoms | What can you do? | Low BP | Fluids (oral if alert) | Dry mouth, thirst | IV - normal saline (no potassium until urine output is increased) | Rapid weight loss | Daily weight, | Low urine output | May need antidiarrheals, antiemetics, antibiotics, antipyretics | Confusion, Lethargy | Low grade fever |
Fluid volume excessSigns & symptoms | What can you do? | Rapid weight gain | Diuretics | Edema | Fluid restriction (No IV fluids) | High BP, bounding pulses | Sodium restriction | May have increased urine output | Daily weights, stricts I/O's | JVD (jugular vein distention), crackles, dyspnea | Decreased LOC |
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