Causes of Fluid Volume Deficit
Cause |
Symptoms |
No water (dehydration) - dehydration refers to loss of pure water without a corresponding loss of sodium |
Profuse sweating, hyperventilation, diabetic ketoacidosis, fevers, diarrhea, renal failure, diabetes insipidus |
No Salt |
Water intoxication, chronic illness, malnutrition, renal failure |
Both |
Losing both water & electrolytes e.g., hemorrhage, diarrhoea & vomiting |
Fluid volume excess
Hypervolemia |
- Too much IV fluid, kidney failure, corticosteroids |
Water intoxication |
- CHF, ADH problems, IV fluids, psych problems, wound irrigation |
Too much sodium intake |
- Too much salt, 3% saline IV, too much NaHCO3 |
|
|
Fluid volume deficit
Signs & symptoms |
What can you do? |
Low BP |
Fluids (oral if alert) |
Dry mouth, thirst |
IV - normal saline (no potassium until urine output is increased) |
Rapid weight loss |
Daily weight, |
Low urine output |
May need antidiarrheals, antiemetics, antibiotics, antipyretics |
Confusion, Lethargy |
Low grade fever |
Fluid volume excess
Signs & symptoms |
What can you do? |
Rapid weight gain |
Diuretics |
Edema |
Fluid restriction (No IV fluids) |
High BP, bounding pulses |
Sodium restriction |
May have increased urine output |
Daily weights, stricts I/O's |
JVD (jugular vein distention), crackles, dyspnea |
Decreased LOC |
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