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DEFINTIONS
MATTER: anything that takes up space and has mass... it is made up of elements!! |
ELEMENT: substance that cannot be broken down into other substances by chemical reactions |
COMPOUND: substance that consists of 2 or more elements in a fixed ratio |
SHAPE AND FUNCTION
- molecular function related to its shape |
-shape is determined by bond angles |
- shape is used in how molecules recognize and relate to each other |
- INDUCED FIT |
lock and key model |
- allows for molecular mimics |
CHEMICAL REACTIONS
- the making & breaking of bonds that leads to changes in the composition of matter |
- chemical reactions change reactants into products while conserving matter |
- most are reversible |
EXAMPLE |
2H2 + O2= 2H20 |
reactants= products |
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EMERGENT PROPERTIES
* sodium (Na) is a metal |
* chlorine (Cl) is a poisonous gas |
* combined= NaCl= table salt |
CHEMICAL BONDING
IONIC BONDS |
- transfer of electrons |
-forms + and - ions |
-weak bond formed because of their opposite charges |
- ionic compounds are called salts |
- environment affects the strength of ionic bonds |
CHEMICAL BONDING
HYDROGEN BONDS |
- weak chemical bond |
-partially +H atom in water molecule is attracted to the partially -O in another |
- can occur wherever an -OH exists in a larger molecule |
EQUILIBRIUM
- chemical equilibrium is reached when the forward and reverse reaction rates are EQUAL |
5 to 5 or 10 to 10 |
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LIFE NEEDED ELEMENTS
CHNOPS |
96% = CHON |
4%= SPKCa |
CHEMICAL BONDING
COVALENT BONDS |
- sharing electrons |
-strong bond |
= both atoms holding onto electrons |
- forms molecules |
-double covalent bonds |
2 atoms can share more than one pair of electrons |
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"double and triple bonds" |
POLAR COVALENT BONDS
- electrons are not shared equally |
- electronegativity |
-oxygen is one of the most electronegative of the 92 elements |
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