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ap bio unit 7 chp 20 notes
PHYLOGENY
the evolutionary history of a species or groups of species |
SYSTEMATICS
an approach to classifying organisms and determining their evolutionary relationships |
ANALOGY
similarity due to convergent evolution rather than to a shared ancestry |
EVALUATING MOLECULAR HOMOLOGIES
in this example 11 / 12 original bases have NOT changed since the species diverged |
1.) homologous DNA sequences are identical between the 2 species |
2.) deletion and insertion mutations shift and matching sequences |
3.) those areas that are shaded in orange no longer match because of the mutations |
4.) the matching regions are realigned using a computer program that puts gaps in sequence 1 |
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TAXONOMY
- common names can be confusing |
- scientific name= |
binomial nomenclature |
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* genus and species |
HOMOLOGY
phenotypic and genetic similarities due to shared ancestry are called homologies |
CLADISTICS
- cladistics uses common descent as the primary criteria to classify organisms |
- due to descent with modification, organisms share some, but NOT ALL characteristics with their ancestors |
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PHYLOGENETIC TREE
- connect classification and phylogeny |
- represents a hypothesis about evolutionary relationships |
PHYLOGENIES
- phylogenies are inferred from both: |
-molecular data |
*gene sequences |
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*protein sequences |
-morphological features |
* presence or absence of fins |
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*number of legs |
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*structures of the organism |
PARSIMONY
-maximum parsimony |
simplest explanation that is consistent with the facts |
LIKELIHOOD
-maximum likelihood |
a tree can be found that most likely reflects the sequence of events |
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