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ap bio unit 7 chp 20 notes
PHYLOGENYthe evolutionary history of a species or groups of species |
SYSTEMATICSan approach to classifying organisms and determining their evolutionary relationships |
ANALOGYsimilarity due to convergent evolution rather than to a shared ancestry |
EVALUATING MOLECULAR HOMOLOGIESin this example 11 / 12 original bases have NOT changed since the species diverged | 1.) homologous DNA sequences are identical between the 2 species | 2.) deletion and insertion mutations shift and matching sequences | 3.) those areas that are shaded in orange no longer match because of the mutations | 4.) the matching regions are realigned using a computer program that puts gaps in sequence 1 |
| | TAXONOMY- common names can be confusing | - scientific name= | binomial nomenclature | | | * genus and species |
HOMOLOGYphenotypic and genetic similarities due to shared ancestry are called homologies |
CLADISTICS- cladistics uses common descent as the primary criteria to classify organisms | - due to descent with modification, organisms share some, but NOT ALL characteristics with their ancestors |
| | PHYLOGENETIC TREE- connect classification and phylogeny | - represents a hypothesis about evolutionary relationships |
PHYLOGENIES- phylogenies are inferred from both: | -molecular data | *gene sequences | | | *protein sequences | -morphological features | * presence or absence of fins | | | *number of legs | | | *structures of the organism |
PARSIMONY-maximum parsimony | simplest explanation that is consistent with the facts |
LIKELIHOOD-maximum likelihood | a tree can be found that most likely reflects the sequence of events |
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