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Chemistry of Life Test Review
INQUIRY ABOUT LIFE*an organisms adaptations to its environment are the result of evolution | *EXAMPLE :a beach mouses light dapple fur allows the mouse to blend into its surroundings | *evolution is the process of change that has resulted in the astounding array of organisms found on earth | <-- fundamental principle of biology | BIOLOGY is the scientific study of LIFE |
DNA - THE GENETIC MATERIAL* a DNA molecule holds hundreds or thousands of genes, each a stretch of DNA along the chromosome | Genes: the units of inheritances that transmit information from parent to parent | * as cells grow and divide, the genetic information encoded by DNA directs their development | * a DNA molecule is made of 2 long strands arranged in a double helix | * each link of a chain is one of 4 kinds of chemical building blocks-nucleotides: "A,T,C,G" | * DNA provides blueprints for making proteins, the major players in building and maintains a cell | * genes control protein production indirectly using RNA as an intermediary | *Gene expression: the process of converting information from a gene to its cellular product |
| | EMERGENT PROPERTIES* result from the arrangement and interaction of parts within a system | *they characterize non biological entities as well | EXAMPLE: a functioning bike emerges only when all of the needed parts connect in the right way | * biologists today complement reductionism with systems biology, the exploration of a biological system by analyzing the interactions among its parts |
GENOMICS: LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS OF DNA SEQUENCES* an organisms genome is its entire set of genetic information | * genomics: the study of sets of genes within and between species | * proteomics refers to the study of sets of proteins and their properties | * the entire set of proteins expressed by a cell, tissue of organism is called proteome | * "high-throughput" technology refers to tools that can analyze biological samples very rapidly | * bioinformatics is the use of computational tools to store, organize and analyze the huge volume of data |
LEVELS OF HIERARCHY1.) ORGANELLES | 2.) CELLS | 3.) TISSUES | 4.) ORGANS | 5.) ORGAN SYSTEMS | 6.) ORGANISMS, POPULATIONS AND COMMUNITIES | 7.) ECOSYSTEMS | 8.) BIOSPHERE |
| | STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION* at each level of the biological hierarchy we find a correlation between structure and function | EUKARYOTIC CELLS | PROKARYOTIC CELLS | * analyzing a biological structure can give clues about what it does and how it works | *contain membrane enclosing organelles including DNA-containing nucleus | * lack a nucleus or other membrane bound organelles and are generally smaller than eukaryotes | - the cell is the smallest unit of life that can perform all activities required for life | * some organelles like chloroplasts are limited only to certain cell types; those that carry out photosynthesis |
ENERGY AND MATTER* energy flows through an ecosystem, usually entering as light and exiting as heat | * chemical elements remain within an ecosystem, where they are used then recycled |
EVOLUTIONthe concept that the organisms living today are modified descents of common ancestors |
NATURAL SELECTIONmechanism for evolution called natural selection because the "natural environment" selects for certain traits among those in population |
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