Population Ecologybiotic/abiotic factorsresponse: acclimate, regulate, conform, migrate, torpor, etc. | fundamental niche=range of factors/resources a species could use | realized niche=actual use of potential environment | uniform dispersion=evenly spaced | random dispersion=unpredictable spacing | clumped dispersion=aggregate in patches |
Logistic GrowthK-selection=sensitive to population density
r-selection=maximizes r (reproductive rate)
density independent= pop. density does not affect birth/death rate
density dependent= pop. densitybirth rate/death rate Species Richness and Diversityspecies richness | # of different species in a community | species diversity | # & size of each population in a community | relative abundance | proportion of different species in a community | dominant species | most abundant species w/ highest biomass | keystone species | has pivotal ecological role/niche |
| | Interspecific InteractionsCompetitive Exclusion Principle 2 species can't survive in the same ecological niche; fundamental≠realized | Predation +/-; adaptions: cryptic/aposematic coloration, Batesian/Müllerian mimicry | Symbiosis -parasitism: +/-, endo & ecto
-mutualism: +/+, obligate vs facultative
-commensalism: +/0 interaction |
Community Disturbanceprimary succession | colonization by pioneer organisms (bacteria/algae/lichens/moss) in a virtually lifeless area to form soil | secondary succession | colonization of an area where the existing community was cleared but soil is intact |
Learninghabituation | loss of responsiveness to stimuli w/no new info | imprinting | formation of permanent long-lasting response to an individual during sensitive period | spatial | landmarks, cognitive maps | associative | classical/operant conditioning | cognitive | awareness, reasoning, judgmentproblem solving |
Social Behaviorcooperation | behavior done as a group | agonistic | aggressive behavior | dominance hierarchies | dictate social position of an animal in a culture | territoriality | behavior to defend an area from others | altruism | individual's reproductive fitness, fitness of colony |
| | Chemical CyclesWater | evaporation, condensation, precipitation, runoff/transpiration | Carbon | photosynthesis & respiration, burning fossil fuels | Nitrogen | fixation: free nitrogenNH₄+
nitrification: NH₄+nitrites/ates
denitrification: nitratesN₂
decomposition: organic matterammonia |
Animal BehaviorProximate Cause | how a behavior occurs/is modified | Ultimate Cause | why behavior occurs in context of natural selection | Fixed Action Pattern | highly stereotypic behavior that is unchangeable and carried to completion | Sign Stimulus | external cue that triggers FAP
exchanged within a species=releaser | Communication | visual (waggle dance), chemical (pheromones), tactile, & auditory (birdsong) | Kinesis & Taxis | change in activity in response to stimulus; oriented movement toward/away from stimulus |
Ecosystem Energy Flowbottom-up model: influence from lowhigh
top-down (trophic cascade) model: influence from highlow
biological magnification:trophic level=accumulated toxin concentration |
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