Types of Tissues
Epithelial |
covers outside of body, lines inner organs & cavities |
Connective |
binds & supports other tissues (collagenous, reticular, & elastic fibers) |
Muscle |
body movement; skeletal=voluntary, cardiac+smooth=involuntary |
Nervous |
senses stimuli & transmits signals as nerve impulses |
Maintaining Homeostasis
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Thermoregulation ectotherms=warmed externally
endotherms=warmed by metabolism
poikilotherm=temp varies w/environment
homeotherm=relatively constant temp
-insulation, vasodilation, vasoconstriction, sweating, thermogenesis, behavior
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Osmoregulation manages water/solute concentration
regulate urine concentration/amount
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Hormones
hormone |
molecule secreted into extracellular fluid that circulates in blood/hemolymph, & communicates regulatory messages |
endo/exo-crine glands |
ductless/duct-having organs that secrete substances |
local regulators |
secreted molecules that act over short distances & reach target cells by diffusion (cytokines, growth factors, NO, prostaglandins) |
pheromones |
chemicals released into external environment for a species to communicate |
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Endocrine/Nervous System Coordination
hypothalamus |
integrates systems, initiates endocrine signaling from nerve info |
pituitary gland |
stores & secretes hormones from hypothalamus (anterior & posterior) |
thyroid gland |
thyroid hormone regulates bioenergetics, maintains BP, HR, muscle, digestion |
Hormone Pathway: Insulin
negative feedback= loop in which response reduces initial stimulus
type 1 diabetes= immune system destroys beta cells of pancreas
type 2 diabetes= failure of target cells to respond to insulin
Neurons
sensory, inter-, and motor neurons
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Action Potentials
purple= depolarized; green= refractory period; yellow= polarized
Nonspecific Immune Defense
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Barriers skin, mucus, cilia, stomach acid
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Systems -inflammatory response: histamineblood flowimmune cells destroy pathogens
-interferon: inhibits virus reproduction
-fever: bacterial growth, stimulates immune system
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Specific Immune Defenses
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Humoral Immune Response B cells attack pathogens w/antibodies
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Cell-Mediated Response T cells attack pathogens, cells w/pathogens, & cancer cells by lysing them
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