OrganellesNucleolus | where rRNA & ribosomes are synthesized | Ribosomes | protein factories | Peroxisomes | use converts H₂O₂ to water+O₂ | Endomembrane System | regulates protein traffic+metabolic functions | Nucleus | holds chromatin, surrounded by nuclear envelope | Endoplasmic Reticulum | Rough: makes proteins
Smooth: synthesizes lipids, stores Ca++, detoxifies drugs/poisons | Golgi Apparatus | processes, packages, & secretes substances | Lysosomes | intracellular digestion | Mitochondria | powerhouse of the cell :) (respiration) | Vacuoles | storage & pumping out water | Chloroplast | absorbs light & synthesize sugar | Cytoskeleton | maintains cell shape, flow, positioning | Centrioles Centrosomes MTOCs | organize spindle fibers (cell division) | Cell Wall | protects, maintains shape, regulates water intake |
Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic CellsProkaryotes | Eukaryotes | -no internal membranes/organelles
-circular DNA
-small ribosomes
-anaerobic or aerobic metabolism
-no cytoskeleton
-mainly unicellular
-very small | -membrane-bound organelles
-DNA forms chromosomes
-larger ribosomes
-aerobic metabolism
-cytoskeleton present
-mainly multicellular
-larger cells |
| | Water Potential (Ψ= Ψp+ Ψs)water potential | potential energy of water to move elsewhere | solute potential | tendency of water to move across a permeable membrane into solution (Ψs=-iCRT) |
Types of Cell CommunicationQuorum Sensing | monitors bacteria population density & controls gene expression | Autocrine Signals | produced & used by same cell | Juxtacrine Signals | physically touching cells (gap junctions, plasmodesmata) | Paracrine Signals | adjacent (not touching) cells (synapses, growth factors) | Endocrine Signals | for all tissues, long distance (hormones) |
Plasma Membrane Structure
Plasma Membrane Transport
Endocytosis & Exocytosis
| | Signal Transduction Pathways- ReceptionReception | ligand binds to cell membrane or intracellular receptors & activates 2nd messenger | Ion channel | allows influx of ions to carry a message | GPCR | ligand binds, changes cytoplasmic structure, activates G protein, bonds to GTP, catalyzes cAMP production | Protein kinase (RTKs) | ligand binds, aggregates+activates tyrosine kinase regions, activates relay proteins | Intracellular | hydrophobic messengers diffuse into the cell and control genes |
Signal Transduction & ResponseSignal transduction pathway | multistep process in which extracellular signal molecules produce a cascade effect | Second messenger | intermediate molecule (like cAMP) that distributes+amplifies signal throughout the cell | Response | regulation of protein synthesis by turning genes on/off |
Apoptosismay be engulfed when no longer needed | cells with genetic damage are replaced | defense against infection | signals trigger caspases to carry out apoptosis |
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