Nature of ChemistryChemistry | Study of substances that make up the world and the changes they undergo | Pseydoscience | Process inv. the collection of info that is supported by belief or opinion | Science | Process inv. the collection of info that is supported by evidence | Science is systematic, inv. collection of info and ideas, inv. obs. and experimentation, supp. by evidence | Science relies on process, is objective, is updated constantly | Pseudoscience lacks process, is subject, is resistant to new info (i.e. flat earters..) | Scientific inquiry is the process of using obs, investigations, and exp. to learn about natural phenomena -> any testable questions about obs., importance on creativity |
Formulating Scientific QuestionsScientific question | Based on obs. and is testable | Most Q are based on obs. | What is that? Why? How does it work? I wonder why.. | A good one | narrow focus, unknown answer, addresses gap in knowledge, leads to a hypothesis that can be tested | Non scientific question | based on supernatural, opinion, rely on moral or social values |
Scientific methodsDependent variable | Variable that is changed by another variable | Independent variable | The variable that you change | Qualitative | Obs/data that is not measured on numbers/precise measurements | Quantitative | Obs/data based on numbers/precise measurements | Sc. Inquiry | Process of using obs, inv., and exp. to learn about natural phenomena | Conclusion | Summary of the results | Controlled exp. | an exp. in which one variable is changed | Control sample | Sample in a controlled exp. with variables that don't change | Exp. sample | sample in a controlled exp. in which one variable changes | Models | Simple, idea, picture, equation, method, diagram -> visualizing exp. results | Writing a lab report | Question/Hypothesis -> materials -> procedure -> results/data -> analysis -> conclusion |
| | Research in ScienceSkepticism | Open minded knowledge in a certain area may be uncertain | Bias | Point of view influenced by opinion | Scientific census | General agreement along scientists on an idea | How to develop sc. census? | Communication! Publications (peer-reviewed), meetings/conferences, discuss findings (person/online) | Databases | Pubmed, NCBI, NHI, Google scholar |
Hypothesis, Theory, and LawHypothesis | Testable expl. of a sc. problem based on research and obs. (if/then). Must be testable, supported/refuted by data | Theory | Hypothesis or a group of rel. hypothesis as true based on obs. and repetitive exp., must be testable, req. many exp. and confirmed data to overturn/modify, can be used for predictions or explanations | Law | Statement of facts generally accepted to be true, describes relationships in nature, but does not prov. explanation; can be used to predict events/exp. results, support. by all obs. and data, doesn't | How to work with a Hypothesis? | Attempt to explain an obs. or answer a Q -> test it -> if support, then data will agree with it -> if refute, then data will not agree, redo procedure or hypothesis -> continue evaluating data | Dalton's Atomic Theory | all matter is comp. of atoms, atoms cannot be made/destroyed during chemical reactions, all atoms of an element are identical, different elements have diff. kinds of atoms, chemical reactions occur through rearrangement of atoms | Atomic Theory | Explains law of conservation of mass | Reproducibility leads to reliability | Theory must be supported by all evidence, other scientists should get similar results, all experiment must be reproducible |
| | Safety in ScienceMSDS (material safety data sheet) | Describes properties, handling, and emergency procedures of a substance | General safety practices | Avoid lose clothes/hair, wear long sleeves/close toed shoes, do not drink/eat/chew gum, no jewelry, avoid contacts if possible, avoid clutter in lab | Handling chemicals/equipment | Use tongs/mitts for hot objects, label all containers, inspect equipment before use, dispose of all substances appropriately | PPE (personal protective equipment) | Eyes/face: safety goggles/shield, skin/clothing: lab coat/apron, hands: gloves | Emergency equipment | Fire extinguisher, eye wash, safety shower, first-aid kit | Chemistry glass ware | Beaker, flask, test tubes, graduated cylinder | Handling glass ware | check for breaks/chips, use tongs/holders | Heating devices | Bunsen brenner/alcohol burner, hot plate | Use of chemicals | Use clear/accurate labels, do not taste/smell/touch chemicals, use pipettes to transfer liquids, do not put liquids back into storage container, refer to MSDS for storage/disposal/handling | Accident | Stay calm, report, avoid danger, spill kit, help injured | Cuts from broken glassware | apply pressure/flush | Chemical burns/irritations/heat burns | remove heat source/put out fire | Inhalation of toxic chemicals | Get fresh air/report | Chemicals in eyes | Eye wash (10-15 mins), report |
| | Tools and Technology in chemBalance | Measure mass | Beaker | Holds liquids | Buret | Used to deliver specific volume, i.e. titrate volumes | Degrees Celsius | Fahrenheit - 30 : 2 = ~ x C | Graduated cylinder | Measure volume of liquid | SI | International system of units, standard set of units used by all scientists | Kelvin | SI unit for temperature in science, 0 C = -273.15 K | Kilogram | SI Unit for mass | Liter | SI unit for volume | Meter | SI unit for distance |
Metric conversion example
Collecting and organizing datainference | logical conclusion made from observation | Qualitative data | non-numerical, descriptive - describes categories or characteristics of things | Quantitative data | numerical data that can be measured, data that is easy to analyze over graph or table, has units, always numbers | Charts | Used for qualitative data | Tables | Used for numerical data set in columns and rows | Graphs | Bar/line/pie, display data for analysis | Labels | for all parts of charts, tables, and graphs |
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