Plunging Breaker
Occur w/ Moderate to Steep sloping Beaches |
Ocean Eddies
Independent circulations of cold or warm water |
Generally found on either side of strong currents such as the Gulf Stream or Kuroshio |
Used tactically by submarines because of the sound propagation differences that exist inside and outside the eddie circulations |
Four Major Ocean Sediments
Terrigenous |
Pelagic |
Glacial Marine |
Volcanic |
Tropical Depression
An organized system of clouds and thunderstorms with a defined, closed surface circulation and maximum sustained winds of less than 34 knots |
Pressure
Sound Speed increases 2 feet/second for every increase in depth of 100 feet |
Dominant controller of speed below 1000 feet in the ocean |
Wave Height
The vertical distance from the crest of a wave to the trough of the wave |
Small Craft Warning
Winds Sustained at 18-33 knots |
Forecasted for harbors and inland waters |
Air Mass
Body of Air over a Large Area |
Takes on characteristics of the Underlying Surface |
Temperature and Moisture Characteristics are the Same |
Spilling Breaker
Occur w/ Gentle Flat Beaches |
Flood
The current that flows toward the shore with a rising tide |
Wind Direction
Average direction from which wind is blowing |
Tropical Cyclone Conditions of Readiness - TCCOR
TCCOR 5 - Destructive winds are possible within 96 hours |
TCCOR 4 - Destructive winds are possible within 72 hours |
TCCOR 3 - Destructive winds are possible within 48 hours |
TCCOR 2 - Destructive winds are anticipated within 24 hours |
TCCOR 1 - Destructive winds are occurring or anticipated within 12 hours |
Defense Meteorological Satellite Program - DMSP
LEO, Polar Orbiting Satellites |
6 satellites in orbit |
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Geostationary Operational Ent'l Satellites - GOES
24/7 Coverage over the same Geographic Region |
Monitors weather systems and storms |
4 GOES Satellites in Orbit |
Surging Breaker
Occur w/ Very Steep Sloping Beaches and are dangerous for Landing Craft |
Bioluminescence
The types are sheet, spark, and glowing ball. |
Most bioluminescence in the oceans is sheet-type |
Spark-type displays are created by large numbers of crustaceans |
Glowing ball displays are seen most frequently in warmer waters. Luminescent jellyfish cause many glowing-ball displays |
3 Thermal Layers of the Ocean
Mixed/Surface Layer |
Thermocline |
Deep Layer |
Littoral Longshore Currents
Caused by Waves Approaching the Beach at an Angle |
Increase Velocity with Increased Breaker Heights |
Steep Beaches have stronger currents |
Cold Eddy
Cold Eddies form on the south side of the Gulf Stream and maintain a counterclockwise circulation |
Tropical Storm
A distinct rotation must exist around the central area of low pressure and wind speeds must be between 34 and 63 knots. At this point the tropical storm is given a name. |
Salinity
Sound Speed increases 4 feet/second for every increase in salinity of 1ppt |
Effects are greatest for Ocean water in areas of high evaporation and high influxes of fresh water |
Gale Warning
Winds Sustained at 34-47 knots |
Forecasted for harbors, inland waters, ocean areas, installations, and air fields |
Relative Humidity
Percentage of the amount of water in the air compared to how much water can actually be held based on temperature & pressure |
the Nautical Almanac
Contains the following data tabulated at hourly intervals to a precision of 0.1 arc minute: the Greenwich hour angle and declination of the Sun, Moon, and navigational planets; the Greenwich hour angle of Aries; positions of the navigational stars; rise and set times of the Sun and Moon for a range of latitudes |
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Mixed/Surface Layer
Isothermal Temperature with Depth |
From the ocean surface to about 1500 feet |
Temperature
Primary Controller of Sound Speed in the top 1000 feet of the ocean |
Sound Speed increases 6 feet/second for an increase in 1 degree centigrade |
Ocean Fronts
Interface btwn 2 Water Masses of Different Temperatures and Salinities |
Storm Warning
Winds Sustained at 48 knots and greater |
Forecasted for harbors, inland waters, ocean areas, installations and airfields |
3 Breaker Types
Spilling |
Plunging |
Surging |
the Astronomical Almanac
Contains precise ephemerides of the Sun, Moon, planets, and satellites, data for eclipses and other astronomical phenomena for a given year |
Hurricane/Typhoon
Wind speeds must be at least 64 knots |
Polar Operational Ent'l Satellites - POES
A.K.A. TIROS-N Satellites |
Collects Data Globally |
There are 6 POES Satellites in orbit |
Wind Speed
Average rate of air motion |
Measured in nautical miles/hour or Knots |
Cold Front
Displaces Warm Air at the Surface |
Restricted Visibility
Prevailing Visibility falls below 7 Nautical Miles or 10 Statute Miles |
Warm Eddy
Warm Eddies form on the north side of the Gulf Stream and drift into the colder waters of the Labrador Current maintaining their clockwise rotation |
Sea Waves
Also known as wind waves, are waves generated by the wind in the local area |
Wave Period
The time it takes for a complete wave cycle (crest to crest or trough to trough) to pass a given point |
Open Ocean Currents
Major Currents like the Gulf Stream and Kuroshio |
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5 Major Ocean Provinces
Continental Shelf |
Continental Slope |
Continental Rise |
Ocean Basins |
Mid-Ocean Ridges |
Bathythermograph - BT
The measurement and recording of subsurface water temperature at various depths |
BT data is the critical factor in determining the sound velocity profile (SVP) of a particular ocean area |
Thunderstorms - TS
Formed when cumulous clouds grow into cumulonimbus clouds |
Thermocline
Describe by its rapid decrease in temperature with depth from the layer above it |
Rip Currents
NOT Associated w/ Tides |
Caused by return flow of water from the beach |
Form at the end of a beach where land juts out into the water |
Fog
Suspension of small water droplets or ice crystals in the air that reduces visibility at the surface |
METOC & GEOINT
METOC data is a layer of Geospatial Intelligence and is critical to planning and operations in the joint environment |
Swell Waves
Waves that have moved away from the area in which they were formed |
Fronts
Transitions between two Air Masses |
Ebb
The current that flows away from the shore with a falling tide |
Severe Thunderstorm Warning
TS are w/in 10NM or an hour away |
Gusts of 50 kts or Greater = 3/4" Hail and/or Tornadoes |
Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission-TRMM
Joint venture btwn NASA and Japanese Nat'l Space Development Agency |
Research the water cycle in the atmosphere |
Nat'l Polar Orbiting Ent'l Satellite System-NPOESS
Will Replace the POES and DMSP |
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