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circulation and gas exchange intro bio 2
General properties of circulatory systems
a circ system has: |
-circulatory fluid |
-set of interconnection vessels |
-muscular pump(s), the heart |
3 chambered hearts of amphibians
The three chambered hearts of amph and nonavian reptiles are adaptive allowing variation in blood flow through the heart |
blood
connective tissue |
consists of cells suspended in liquid matrix called plasma |
plasma 55% cells45% |
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plasma |
water |
cellular elements |
leukocytes, platelets, and erythrocytes |
Gas exchange and respiratory surfaces
gas exchange |
supplies O2 for cellular respiration and disposes of CO2 |
occurs via diffusion |
accomplished via large, moist resp surfaces between cells and medium |
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things like skin, gills, tracheae, lungs |
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single and double circulation
single |
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fluid leaving heart travels to respir. organs and organ system before returning to heart |
double |
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two different circuits |
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pulmonary: lung capillaries |
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systemic:body capillaries |
parts of heart/circ system
arteries |
carry blood AWAY from heart to pulmonary (deoxygenated) & systemic circuits (oxygenated) |
veins |
carry blood back to heart from pulmonary and systemic circuits |
pulmonary circuit |
pulmonary arteries |
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pulmonary veins |
systemic circuit |
aorta |
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superior and inferior vena cava |
ventilation
breathing |
process that ventilates the lungs; alternate inhalation and exhalation of air |
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mechanisms vary across taxa |
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Closed Circulatory Systems
cardiovascular system |
circulatory fluid: blood |
interconnected vessels: |
arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins |
pump: heart |
gas exchange mechanism |
gills/lungs |
blood has to get to: |
respiratory tissue |
pulmonary circuit |
organ systems |
systemic circuit |
respiratory pigments
proteins that transport oxygen; greatly increase the amount of O2 that blood can carry |
| |
hemoglobin, myoglobin, hemocyanin |
hemoglobin |
resp. pigment w/ high affinity for O2 |
Bohr shift: |
co2 decreases pH and the affinity of hemoglobin for O2 |
hemoglobin can bind co2 but most is transported in plasma |
Disorders of circ system
>50% of deaths in US |
cardiovascular disease |
disorder of heart and or blood vessels |
atherosclerosis: |
buildup of plaques in arteries |
heart attack |
blockage of 1 or more coronary arteries |
stroke |
rupture or blockage of arteries to brain |
hypertension |
high BP, increases risk of plaque buildup and heart attack |
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