Movements and Reforms
Progressive Era (1901-1917) |
mainly driven by the middle class and educated that wanted to tweak it through "progress" with an expanded role of government (regulated capitalism) |
Progressivism |
social or political movement that aims to represent the interests of ordinary people through political change and an expanded size and role of the government (very inclusive) |
TR Square Deal |
CORPORATION: believed that there were good trusts and bad trusts (break bad, regulated good) first President to actually use the power of the Sherman Antitrust Act |
TR Square Deal |
CONSERVATION: sought to protect land from exploitation by corporations, expanded the National Park System, protected wetlands |
TR Square Deal |
CONSUMERS: sought to protect consumers from the power of corporations (high prices bc monopolized) |
Muckrakers |
wrote articles exposing corruption in government and industry (Ida Tarbell in Standard Oil, Jacob Riis in "How the other side lived") |
Settlement House Movement (late 1880s) |
founding settlement houses to respond to growing industrial poverty and the negative effects of rapid urbanization (Jane Addams "Hull House" in Chicago) |
Temperance Movement |
curb the consumption of alcohol in the U.S. led to 18th amendment(prohibition of alcohol) which was mostly done by women |
Moral Reform Movement (late 1800s) |
sought to "clean up" American society of the perceived moral degradation that had taken place to targeted pornography, prostitution, vulgarity, etc |
Anthracite Coal Strike (1902 |
a strike by the United Mine Workers of America in the anthracite coal fields of eastern Pennsylvania. demanded higher wages, shorter workdays, and union recognition |
"neutral arbitrator" |
Roosevelt intervened in the above strike (1st time that the government did not side with big business like in Gilded Age) |
Committee on Public Information |
a propaganda agency tasked with swaying public opinion in favor of the war |
Food Administration |
conservation of food so that surpluses could be sent to Europe to feed the Allied soldiers and civilians |
War Industries Board |
guide the economy during the war esp. to guide factories on war effort production |
Great Migration (1910-1970) |
bulk of migration bc enlisting for WW1 from rural South to urban North, Midwest, West |
Harlem Renaissance (1920s) |
AA life through music, murals, literature which brought white-black communities together |
KKK (1925) |
led a march of over 50,000 people in Washington, D.C. while demanding laws against immigration (opposed Catholics, blacks, and Jews) |
Fundamentalist |
emphasized the literal truth and interpretation of the Bible |
Modernist |
attempted to reconcile the Bible with scientific knowledge |
Scopes (Monkey) Trial |
symbolized the conflict between science and theology, faith and reason, individual liberty and majority rule |
The New Deal (relief, recover, reform) |
FDR approach to rebuild the economy after the Great Depression (stimulate economic activity) |
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Court Cases/ Amendments
Muller v. Oregon (1908) |
upheld an Oregon law limiting the workday for female wage earners to ten hours |
Insular Cases (1901) |
Supreme Court ruled territories under U.S. control don''t automatically receive the constitutional rights of U.S. citizens |
Schenck v. United States (1919) |
upheld the right of the Government to pass and enforce the Espionage and Sedition Acts during war |
16th amendment |
Congress has the power to pass direct taxes, such as income tax |
17th amendment |
Senators are to be elected by the voters in their state |
18th amendment |
production, distribution, and sale of alcoholic beverages is illegal (prohibited) |
19th amendment |
gives women the right to vote (suffrage) |
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Politics and Economics
Populist |
mostly small farmers, wanted to abolish national banks, graduated income tax, direct election of senators, civil service reform, 8-hour workday, gov't control of RR and communication |
Progressives |
mostly urban middle class, educated, women (purify not radically change), + labor conditions, prohibition, Americanization of Immigrants, anti-trust, women's suffrage |
Payne Aldrich Tariff (1909) |
dropped rates only about 5% (Taft pormised way less rates) and raised it on iron ore and coal |
Underwood Tariff (1913) |
Taft lowered tariff from 40%-25% and lost revenue made up in 16th amendment |
Federal Reserve Act |
established a system of 12 federal banks & Federal Reserve Board, set interest rates, regulate the money |
Clayton Anti-Trust |
by Taft, strengthened Sherman Anti-Trust |
Spanish-American War |
interventionist b/c imperialism (gained Cuba, Guam, Phillipines) |
(China) Open Door Policy |
policy of promoting equal opportunity for international trade and commerce |
Neutrality (1914-1917) |
British and French were allies to the u.s but they wanted to stay neutral |
Espionage Act (1917) |
illegal to engage in any activity that interfered with the war effort |
Sedition Act (1918) |
illegal to speak out against the government, the country, or the war itself |
League of Nations (1920) |
international organization to maintain peace & prevent further war but U.S. never joined b/c it would turn them interventionist (Republican Irreconcilables) |
Emergency Quota Act (1921) |
based on 3% of each nationality living in the U.S. in 1910 |
Immigration Quota Act (1924) |
2% of nationality living in the U.S. in 1890 |
FDIC (1933) |
President Roosevelt that regulates banks and insures bank deposits for consumers |
Court-Packing (1937) |
FDR unsuccessfully attempted to add new members to the SC--6 new liberal justices (b/c New Deal) |
Neutrality Acts (1935-1937) |
attempted to keep America neutral due to the aggressive actions of Italy, Japan, and Germany and the potential war |
Cash and Carry Policy (1939) |
allowed the sale of goods and/or arms to warring nations as long as the nations paid cash (no loans) and carried the goods and/or arms away on their own ships |
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