Movements and ReformsProgressive Era (1901-1917) | mainly driven by the middle class and educated that wanted to tweak it through "progress" with an expanded role of government (regulated capitalism) | Progressivism | social or political movement that aims to represent the interests of ordinary people through political change and an expanded size and role of the government (very inclusive) | TR Square Deal | CORPORATION: believed that there were good trusts and bad trusts (break bad, regulated good) first President to actually use the power of the Sherman Antitrust Act | TR Square Deal | CONSERVATION: sought to protect land from exploitation by corporations, expanded the National Park System, protected wetlands | TR Square Deal | CONSUMERS: sought to protect consumers from the power of corporations (high prices bc monopolized) | Muckrakers | wrote articles exposing corruption in government and industry (Ida Tarbell in Standard Oil, Jacob Riis in "How the other side lived") | Settlement House Movement (late 1880s) | founding settlement houses to respond to growing industrial poverty and the negative effects of rapid urbanization (Jane Addams "Hull House" in Chicago) | Temperance Movement | curb the consumption of alcohol in the U.S. led to 18th amendment(prohibition of alcohol) which was mostly done by women | Moral Reform Movement (late 1800s) | sought to "clean up" American society of the perceived moral degradation that had taken place to targeted pornography, prostitution, vulgarity, etc | Anthracite Coal Strike (1902 | a strike by the United Mine Workers of America in the anthracite coal fields of eastern Pennsylvania. demanded higher wages, shorter workdays, and union recognition | "neutral arbitrator" | Roosevelt intervened in the above strike (1st time that the government did not side with big business like in Gilded Age) | Committee on Public Information | a propaganda agency tasked with swaying public opinion in favor of the war | Food Administration | conservation of food so that surpluses could be sent to Europe to feed the Allied soldiers and civilians | War Industries Board | guide the economy during the war esp. to guide factories on war effort production | Great Migration (1910-1970) | bulk of migration bc enlisting for WW1 from rural South to urban North, Midwest, West | Harlem Renaissance (1920s) | AA life through music, murals, literature which brought white-black communities together | KKK (1925) | led a march of over 50,000 people in Washington, D.C. while demanding laws against immigration (opposed Catholics, blacks, and Jews) | Fundamentalist | emphasized the literal truth and interpretation of the Bible | Modernist | attempted to reconcile the Bible with scientific knowledge | Scopes (Monkey) Trial | symbolized the conflict between science and theology, faith and reason, individual liberty and majority rule | The New Deal (relief, recover, reform) | FDR approach to rebuild the economy after the Great Depression (stimulate economic activity) |
| | Court Cases/ AmendmentsMuller v. Oregon (1908) | upheld an Oregon law limiting the workday for female wage earners to ten hours | Insular Cases (1901) | Supreme Court ruled territories under U.S. control don''t automatically receive the constitutional rights of U.S. citizens | Schenck v. United States (1919) | upheld the right of the Government to pass and enforce the Espionage and Sedition Acts during war | 16th amendment | Congress has the power to pass direct taxes, such as income tax | 17th amendment | Senators are to be elected by the voters in their state | 18th amendment | production, distribution, and sale of alcoholic beverages is illegal (prohibited) | 19th amendment | gives women the right to vote (suffrage) |
| | Politics and EconomicsPopulist | mostly small farmers, wanted to abolish national banks, graduated income tax, direct election of senators, civil service reform, 8-hour workday, gov't control of RR and communication | Progressives | mostly urban middle class, educated, women (purify not radically change), + labor conditions, prohibition, Americanization of Immigrants, anti-trust, women's suffrage | Payne Aldrich Tariff (1909) | dropped rates only about 5% (Taft pormised way less rates) and raised it on iron ore and coal | Underwood Tariff (1913) | Taft lowered tariff from 40%-25% and lost revenue made up in 16th amendment | Federal Reserve Act | established a system of 12 federal banks & Federal Reserve Board, set interest rates, regulate the money | Clayton Anti-Trust | by Taft, strengthened Sherman Anti-Trust | Spanish-American War | interventionist b/c imperialism (gained Cuba, Guam, Phillipines) | (China) Open Door Policy | policy of promoting equal opportunity for international trade and commerce | Neutrality (1914-1917) | British and French were allies to the u.s but they wanted to stay neutral | Espionage Act (1917) | illegal to engage in any activity that interfered with the war effort | Sedition Act (1918) | illegal to speak out against the government, the country, or the war itself | League of Nations (1920) | international organization to maintain peace & prevent further war but U.S. never joined b/c it would turn them interventionist (Republican Irreconcilables) | Emergency Quota Act (1921) | based on 3% of each nationality living in the U.S. in 1910 | Immigration Quota Act (1924) | 2% of nationality living in the U.S. in 1890 | FDIC (1933) | President Roosevelt that regulates banks and insures bank deposits for consumers | Court-Packing (1937) | FDR unsuccessfully attempted to add new members to the SC--6 new liberal justices (b/c New Deal) | Neutrality Acts (1935-1937) | attempted to keep America neutral due to the aggressive actions of Italy, Japan, and Germany and the potential war | Cash and Carry Policy (1939) | allowed the sale of goods and/or arms to warring nations as long as the nations paid cash (no loans) and carried the goods and/or arms away on their own ships |
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