Presidents
James Monroe (1817-1825) |
Democratic-Republican; major westward expansion and strengthened foreign policy with the Monroe Doctrine (warning to European countries against further colonization) |
John Quincy Adams (1825-1829) |
Democratic-Republican; outspoken in his opposition to slavery |
Andrew Jackson (1829-1837) |
Democratic; "people's president"; destroyed second bank of the US, supported individual liberty, founded democratic party |
Martin Van Buren (1837-1841) |
Democratic; blocked annexation of Texas bc it would add to slave territory |
John Tyler (1841-1845) |
Whig; served without being elected |
James K. Polk (1845-1849) |
Democratic; reduced tariffs, reformed national banking system, settled boundary dispute w/ British that secured Oregon territory |
Millard Fillmore (1850-1853) |
Whig; insisted on federal enforcement of Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 - alienated the North and led to destruction of Whig party |
Franklin Pierce (1853-1857) |
Democratic; incapable of stemming march towards Civil War; Gadsden purchase extending frontier N and W |
James Buchanan (1857-1861) |
Democratic; inability to halt the southern states' drive toward secession |
Abraham Lincoln (1861-1865) |
(Assassinated) Republican National Union; He lay the stepping stone for Reconstruction. successfully prosecuted the Civil War to preserve the nation |
Andrew Johnson (1865-1869) |
Democratic National Union; first American president to be impeached; The primary charge against Johnson was violation of the Tenure of Office Act, |
Ulysses S. Grant (1869-1877) |
Republican; led the Union Armies to victory over the Confederacy in the American Civil War; working to implement Congressional Reconstruction and to remove the vestiges of slavery |
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Politics/Economics
Era of Good Feelings |
on the surface everything seemed great and war was stalemate - seen as American victory, British threat no longer seemed to be problem; in reality many economic issues like high tariff rates, slavery |
Election of 1824/Corrupt Bargain |
Jackson thought Henry Clay sabotaged his election against John Quincy Adams so that Clay could be president in the future (he was secretary to Adams) |
Immigration |
Factors that led to immigration: 1st industrial revolution, abundance of land |
Nativism |
fear of immigrants on American life, mob violence against Catholics |
Democrats (party of tradition) |
brought into office by Jackson, limited gov, |
Whigs (party of modernization) |
hopes of Americans, diverse members, divided over issue of slavery, banks, promote economic growth |
Jacksonian Democracy |
everyday man, expand economic, social, aspects; 2 party system emerges; BANK WARS - vetoes charter for 3rd bank, believed bank only benefited rich and expanded fed. Gov |
Slavery Expansion |
cheap labor ( tobacco and cotton) native americans were hard to enslave,indentured servants got freed, slaves were for a life time, there were slave codes |
Liberty Party |
seperate from the anti slavery organization, seperated inorder to pursue an abolition agenda through the political process. Attempted to function as a third party. |
Free Soil Party |
political party that opposed the exapansion of slavery in territories, most became republicans, wanted free soil, free labor, and free men |
Chinese Trade 1844 |
in 1844 the us signed a treaty with china to enjoy trading privileges; clipper ships - fast moving and allowed US to open up trade routes to Asia |
California Gold Rush 1849 |
prospectors known as forty niners streamed to california after the discovery of gold, gaining wealth by moving west |
Compromise of 1850 |
attempted to stop the issue of division between the states due to slavery; California enters as a free state; fugative slave slaw- law that provided for the return of escaped slaves found in the north to their owners in the south |
Kansas Nebraska Act 1854 |
allowed for kansas and nebraska to decide on the issue of slavery through popular sovereignty |
Bleeding Kansas |
result of Kansas-Nebraska Act; anti slavery and pro slavery poured into kansas to alter popular soveringty, john brown mascaraed people, started a violent attack, resulted in a failure of popular sovereignty |
Panic of 1857 |
Causes: gold rush in cali caused inflation/over speculation in land and railroad construction. Effects: many businesses failed, unemployment, north affected the most bc of the industry and the south wasnt as affected bc they had cotton-made the south think that they are superior. |
Election of 1860 |
Lincoln R, defeats democrats, there was a huge division between north and south in politics; led to 7 southern states to secede, marking the start of the civil war. |
Causes of Civil War |
Missouri compromise, nullification crisis, Mexican cession, Dred Scott, |
Reconstruction - Radical Republicans |
very harsh to south, opposed slavery, civil/black rights |
Recon - Carpetbaggers |
used to describe northerners by southerners |
Recon - KKK |
secret organization in south after the CW that used violence and intimidation to restore power to southern whites |
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Court Cases/Amendments/Acts
Dred Scott vs Sanford 1857 |
African Americans aren't allowed to sue; are black and are considered property, they are not citizens. Angered the north a lot. gave momentum to the anti-slavery movement and served as a stepping stone to the Civil War. |
Homestead Act 1862 |
Fed law that provided 160 acres of public land to anyone who lived on/cultivated that land for 5 years; LED TO MASS MIGRATION WEST |
13th Amendment |
ended the institution of slavery |
14th Amendment |
made former slaves citizens and guaranteed them equal protection under the law |
15th Amendment |
prohibited states from denying anyone the right to vote due to race or whether they were former slaves |
Civil Rights Act 1875 |
law that prohbited racial discrimination in jury selection, transportation, business, |
Compromise of 1877 |
was used to end the disputed presidential election of 1876, republican gained the presidency under rutherford b hayes in return he agreed to remove northern troops from south thus ending reconstruction and allowing the redeemers to come to power. |
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Movements and Reforms
Views of Slavery |
Abolition, southern pride ("Impending Crisis of the South", book that showed hatred to slaves and blacks, said that non slave owning whites were the ones who suffered because they couldnt compete in the labor system), racist/white mans burden- some saw backs as inferior, economic, slavery was seen as a necessary evil |
Women in the Civil War |
Thousands of women became nurses and relief workers, and some of them also wanted to fight. Although women were prohibited from serving in the military, a few determined women disguised themselves as men and fought in the war, distinguishing themselves in battle. |
Ohio Women's Rights Convention 1851 |
It was the third in a series of women's rights conventions that began with the Seneca Falls Convention of 1848; Men were not allowed to vote, sit on the platform or speak during the convention |
Dorothea Dix |
Dorothea Lynde Dix was an American advocate on behalf of the indigent mentally ill, created the first generation of American mental asylums. |
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