Reforms/Movements
Web Dubois |
civil rights activist, main target: racism, strongly protested lynching & Jim Crow Laws & discrimination, immediate reform by edu |
Booker T Washington (Atlantic Compromise 1895) |
more economic participation for AA founded the National Negro Business League |
NAWSA (women) |
Elizabeth Cady Stanton/Susan B. Anthony, fought for women’s suffrage, = rights, women to join labor unions |
National Labor Union (1866) |
political agenda (= rights for women and blacks), 8-hr workday, social issues over labor issues |
Knights of Labor Union (1869) |
industrial union, accepted membership from most trades, race, religion, sex (grew rapidly), unity/rights for all, reputation damaged by Haymarket riot |
American Federation of Labor (1886) |
Craft unions only (skilled white workers), achieve + wages, minimize work hrs, improve work conditions over transform U.S. society |
Nativist |
viewed 2nd wave of immigration as threat (cheap labor, take jobs) |
Susan B Anthony |
women's rights activist, speeches to convince for suffrage |
WCTU 1874 |
opposed alcohol consumption, support suffrage |
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court cases
Plessy vs Ferguson (1896) |
upheld Louisiana law requiring racial segregation of RR facilities, “separate but equal” facilities were constitutional under 14 Amendment, legalized segregation in US |
Bradwell v. Illinois (1873) |
IL denied women law license b/c right to practice not under 14th amendment |
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Politcs/Economics
Morrill Tariff Act of 1861 |
high protective tariff which allowed for industry to expand |
National Banking Act of 1863 |
created uniform national bank notes eliminating confusion with the state bank notes |
Transcontinental RR (1869) |
built all my immigrant workers, connect E & W markets |
Robber barons (late 1800s) |
derogatory term for industrialist & banker, placed profit over public interest |
JP Morgan |
money, RR |
Rockefellar |
horizontal integration, Standard Oil |
Carnegie |
vertical integration, steel, Gospel of Wealth: rich must help lower class |
Vanderbilt |
trains |
Interstate Commerce Act 1887 |
tried to regulate RR monopolies b/c high cost of shipping |
Sherman Antitrust Act 1890 |
fed gov't break up any monopolies |
Laissez faire |
supply and demand, capitalism, hands off approach, allowed for corruption to grow (Adam Smith, William Sumner) |
Patronage System |
spoils system, practice of granting government appointments to friends, political supporters |
Kickbacks |
You vote for me I'll help you" |
Boss Tweed |
very corrupt, helped immigrants in return for votes |
Mugwumps |
reformers (republicans mostly) who wanted civil service reform and end to political corruption. |
Great RR Strike of 1877 |
reaction to cut wages which led to Panic of 1873 (showed need for central gov't) |
Pullman Strike (1894) |
Eugene Debs, strike due to poor wages, Cleveland used force |
Sharecropping |
cotton farmers, obtained supplies & food on credit from local merchants, give share of crops to farmers, cycle of debt to keep farmers poor |
Granger Laws |
midwestern states to help farmers, primarily by regulating RR |
Gold Standard |
currency based upon a fixed quantity of gold, debtors are often hurt |
Populist Activism Causes |
((combat negative effects of rapid indust) think that democracy favored the rich, overproduction, RR monopolies, bad enforcement of Interstate Commerce Act |
Dawes Severalty Act (1887) |
break up Indian reservations into individual farms and turn American Indians into homesteaders, remaining $ used for forced assimilation |
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