Reforms/MovementsWeb Dubois | civil rights activist, main target: racism, strongly protested lynching & Jim Crow Laws & discrimination, immediate reform by edu | Booker T Washington (Atlantic Compromise 1895) | more economic participation for AA founded the National Negro Business League | NAWSA (women) | Elizabeth Cady Stanton/Susan B. Anthony, fought for women’s suffrage, = rights, women to join labor unions | National Labor Union (1866) | political agenda (= rights for women and blacks), 8-hr workday, social issues over labor issues | Knights of Labor Union (1869) | industrial union, accepted membership from most trades, race, religion, sex (grew rapidly), unity/rights for all, reputation damaged by Haymarket riot | American Federation of Labor (1886) | Craft unions only (skilled white workers), achieve + wages, minimize work hrs, improve work conditions over transform U.S. society | Nativist | viewed 2nd wave of immigration as threat (cheap labor, take jobs) | Susan B Anthony | women's rights activist, speeches to convince for suffrage | WCTU 1874 | opposed alcohol consumption, support suffrage |
| | court casesPlessy vs Ferguson (1896) | upheld Louisiana law requiring racial segregation of RR facilities, “separate but equal” facilities were constitutional under 14 Amendment, legalized segregation in US | Bradwell v. Illinois (1873) | IL denied women law license b/c right to practice not under 14th amendment |
| | Politcs/EconomicsMorrill Tariff Act of 1861 | high protective tariff which allowed for industry to expand | National Banking Act of 1863 | created uniform national bank notes eliminating confusion with the state bank notes | Transcontinental RR (1869) | built all my immigrant workers, connect E & W markets | Robber barons (late 1800s) | derogatory term for industrialist & banker, placed profit over public interest | JP Morgan | money, RR | Rockefellar | horizontal integration, Standard Oil | Carnegie | vertical integration, steel, Gospel of Wealth: rich must help lower class | Vanderbilt | trains | Interstate Commerce Act 1887 | tried to regulate RR monopolies b/c high cost of shipping | Sherman Antitrust Act 1890 | fed gov't break up any monopolies | Laissez faire | supply and demand, capitalism, hands off approach, allowed for corruption to grow (Adam Smith, William Sumner) | Patronage System | spoils system, practice of granting government appointments to friends, political supporters | Kickbacks | You vote for me I'll help you" | Boss Tweed | very corrupt, helped immigrants in return for votes | Mugwumps | reformers (republicans mostly) who wanted civil service reform and end to political corruption. | Great RR Strike of 1877 | reaction to cut wages which led to Panic of 1873 (showed need for central gov't) | Pullman Strike (1894) | Eugene Debs, strike due to poor wages, Cleveland used force | Sharecropping | cotton farmers, obtained supplies & food on credit from local merchants, give share of crops to farmers, cycle of debt to keep farmers poor | Granger Laws | midwestern states to help farmers, primarily by regulating RR | Gold Standard | currency based upon a fixed quantity of gold, debtors are often hurt | Populist Activism Causes | ((combat negative effects of rapid indust) think that democracy favored the rich, overproduction, RR monopolies, bad enforcement of Interstate Commerce Act | Dawes Severalty Act (1887) | break up Indian reservations into individual farms and turn American Indians into homesteaders, remaining $ used for forced assimilation |
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