Characteristics of Life
1) Living things have cells |
2) Living things need energy (ATP) |
3) Living things respond to their environment (Stimulus & Response) |
4) Living things adapt to their environment (evolution) |
5) Living things develop & grow |
6) Living things reproduce (sexually and/or asexually) |
Divisions of Life
Kingdom |
Phylum |
Class |
Order |
Family |
Genus |
Species |
Ordered largest to smallest
Levels of Biological Organization
Atom |
Molecule |
Cell |
Tissue |
Organ |
Multicellular Organism |
Organized smallest to largest
Phylogenetics
Show evolution over time of different animals based on physical and/or genetic similarities |
Scientific Method
1) Define problem |
2) Collect info on problem |
3) Form a hypothesis, null hypothesis = opposite of the hypothesis |
4) Design an experiment that includes a control group, dependent variable, and independent variable |
5) Preform experiment, observe and record data |
6) Draw conclusions, a theory could be developed if hypothesis is proved correct |
7) Report results |
- Scientific method can only answer objective questions based on quantitative facts from experiments
- Experimental design = design an experiment to test a hypothesis and/or answer a question
- Data gathering = Observe and record quantitative and/or qualitative data from experiment
- Data analysis = Make a conclusion as to whether or not the data from the experiment proves the hypothesis incorrect or correct
Science v. Pseudoscience v. Non-Science
Science |
Study of natural world |
Pseudoscience |
Theories about the natural world that appear scientific, but are not |
Non-Science |
An area of study that is not scientific |
Matter & Units of Matter
Matter |
Anything that takes up space |
Element |
Pure substance, cannot be broken down |
Atom |
Smallest unit of matter |
Isotope |
An atom with a different number of neutrons |
Ion |
An atom with more or less electrons than proteins |
Molecule |
Atoms bonded together |
Bonding
Ionic |
Giving or losing electrons |
Covalent |
Sharing electrons |
Properties of Water
Universal solvent |
High cohesion |
High specific heat (= thermal stability) |
High heat of vaporization (= cooling mechanism) |
Buffer, 7 on pH scale |
pH
- Concentration of hydrogen ions
- Basic = 8-13, less hydrogen ion concentration
- Neutral = 7
- Acidic = 0-6, more hydrogen ion concentration
- 7 to 6 = 10x more acidic, 7 to 5 = 100x more acidic and so on |
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Chemical Rxt
Dehydration Synthesis |
Form water that is ultimately removed to form bonds |
Hydrolysis |
Split compounds/large molecules by adding water |
Inorganic v. Organic Compounds
Inorganic Compounds |
Any compound that lacks a carbon atom, ex. O2, H2O |
Organic Compounds |
Compounds from living things, ex. Hydroxyl, Carboxyl Acid, Methyl, Amine |
Carbon
Carbon is important to life because it is common in most compounds required for life and can be bonded a variety of ways because it only needs four more electrons to complete an octet. |
Biological Molecules
Carbohydrates |
Simple sugar used for short term energy, polysaccharides (Starch, glycogen, cellulose) + monosaccarides (glucose) |
Lipids |
Fats, oils, and waxes used for long term energy storage. Two parts: Glycerol & fatty acids. Two kinds: Saturated & unsaturated (double bonded carbons). Ex. Phospholipid |
Proteins |
Made up of one or more polypeptides folded and coiled onto each other |
Nucleic Acid |
Used for storing genetic information, two kinds: RNA & DNA |
Proteins
- Polypeptide = Polymer of amino acids
- Amino Acids = Organic molecule with an amino acid group and a carboxyl group
- Proteins work by their shape so change the shape = Destroy the protein (denature) |
Structures of a Protein
1) Primary Structure |
Chain of amino acids |
2) Secondary Structure |
Coils and folds of a polypeptide chain, hydrogen bonds determine of pleated or helix |
3) Tertiary Structure |
Shape caused by interactions between R groups, shape can be determined by ionic bonding, disulfide bonds, hydrogen bonding, and hydrophobic attraction |
4) Quaternary Structure |
Overall protein structure, 2+ tertiary structures put together |
Functions of Proteins
1) Enzyme/Catalyst = Speeds up reactions by lowering the amount of energy needed, allosteric site = working sites of enzymes |
2) Structure = Protein fibers (filaments), cytoskeleton in cells |
3) Hormones = Slow communication system, quorum sensing = bacterial cells communicate with each other by releasing hormones |
Enzymes
Used to do work in cells such as: |
1) Mechanical Work |
2) Transport Work |
3) Chemical Work (catalysts = lower the amount of energy required) |
How does an enzyme work? |
1) Induced Fit = Putting two reactants together to lower energy |
2) pH = Modifies pH of the system/reaction for a favorable spontaneous reaction |
What affects enzyme function? |
1) Temperature |
2) pH |
3) Cofactor = A mineral is needed for an enzyme to work, changes the shape of the allosteric site |
4) Inhibitors = Substance that blocks the allosteric site of an enzyme, ex. negative feedback loops, positive feedback loops, penicillin |
Other Proteins
Defensive Proteins |
Protection against diseases, ex. antigens & antibodies |
Receptor Proteins |
Located on the phospholipid bilayer of a cell or organelle's membrane, function: response to compounds |
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