MetabolismSum of all chemical reactions ina living thing/system |
Laws of Thermodynamics#1 | You can convert energy from one form to another (Ex. Carbohydrate is converted into ATP) | #2 | No transfer energy is a 10% efficient process (Ex. Converting carbohydrate to ATP is only 64% efficient) |
EntrophyMeasurement of randomness/disorder | Increase entrophy | Increase order = energy increases | Decrease entrophy | Increase disorder = energy decreases |
Gibb's Free Energy (G)- Gives the potential of a system or a rxt tp do useful work
- G = H - (TS)
- H= Enthalpy (total energy)
- T = Temperature (in kelvin)
- S = Entropy
- When kelvin is 0, atoms do not move
- What the equation tells you:
1) Spontaneous system if G is negative, catabolic reaction (Ex. Cellular respiration)
2) Non-Spontaneous system if G is positive, anabolic reaction (Ex. Photosynthesis) |
GNegative G | Positive G | Decrease energy | Increase energy | Increase entropy | Decrease entropy | Decrease temperature | Increase temperature | Spontaneous system | Non-Spontaneous System | Lose energy | Convert energy | Catabolic reaction (Cellular respiration) | Anabolic reaction (Photosynthesis) |
ATPEnergy is released in ATP when a phosphate is broken off |
Metabolic ReactionsCatabolism | Exergonic reaction (energy is released or lost), breaks down organic compounds, example: glycolysis | Anabolism | Endergonic reaction (energy is added), organic compounds are synthesized, example: photosynthesis | Oxidation (Exergonic) | Molecule loses an electron, H is formed | Reduction (Endergonic) | Molecule gains an electron (H) | Coupled Reaction | An exergonic reaction provides the energy for an endergonic reaction | Electron Carriers | NAD+/NADH, FADH+/FADH | Chemiosmosis | Movement of ions across a semipermeable membrane, examples: ETC | Phosphorylation | Adding a phosphate molecule | Oxidative Phosphorylation | Happens in the ETC, phosphate is added to ADP to form ATP | Photophosphotylation | Happens in photosynthesis, ATP is formed | Substrate Phosphorylation | Adds a phosphate, can still make ATP, occurs in glycolysis & krebs cycle |
| | Cellular RespirationAerobic Respiration | Needs oxygen, consists of: glycolysis, krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain | Anaerobic Respiration | Oxygen is toxic, consists of: glycolysis, fermentation (lactic acid + alcoholic) | Glycolysis | In cytosol, oldest process | Krebs Cycle | In matrix of mitochondria | Electron Transport Chain | In cristae of mitochondria |
Problems with GlycolysisPyruvate is Toxic | Solved with krebs cycle and/or fermentation | NAD+ is in Short Supply | Lack of NAD+ = process is not complete, solution is fermentation and/or the ETC |
Cost Analysis of GlycolysisOverall Gains | Net Gains | 4 ATP | 2 ATP | 2 NADH | 2 NADH (= 4 ATP) |
Krebs CyclePurpose | Get rid of pyruvate from glycolysis | Rules | 1) For every carbon to carbon bond that is broken, carbon dioxide is released and NADH is reduced | 2) For any rearrangement of the carbon chain molecule, the substrate order is as follows: NADH -> ATP -> FADH -> NADH |
Net GainsGlycolysis | Krebs Cycle | 2 ATP | 2 ATP | 2 NADH | 8 NADH | | | 2 FADH |
Gains from 1 GlucoseProcess | Net Gains | Net Gains in ATP | Glycolysis | 2 ATP | 2 ATP | | | 2 NADH | 4 ATP | Krebs | 2 ATP | 2 ATP | | | 8 NADH | 24 ATP | | | 2 FADH | 4 ATP | Total | | 36 ATP |
| | Photosynthesis- In chloroplast
- Anabolism (Small molecules become big), endergonic reaction (energy is added)
- Process of using light to split water, which provides ATP and NADH to fix carbon dioxide to 5 carbon RuBP to make 3 PGA (Phosoglyceral Aldehyde) |
Two ReactionsLight Rxt | Occurs in thylakoid (individual pancakes of the chloroplast), needs water & sunlight, proces ATP and NADH | Dark Rxt/Calvin Cycle | In the stroma, needs ATP, NADH, and water, produces 3 PGA (Phosoglyceral Aldehyde) |
ReactionsReaction | Reactants | Products | Location | Light Reaction | Light, water, ADP, NADP+ | Energy, oxygen, hydrogen, ATP, NADPH | Thylakoid | Dark Reaction, Calvin Cycle, C3 | Carbon dioxide, ATP, NADPH | 3 PGA, ADP, NADP+ | Stroma |
Photorespiration- Peroxisomes & mitochondria rearrange and split a two carbon compound from the chlorpolast to release carbon dioxide
- Uses ATP |
C4 Pathway- In grassplants
- Occurs in mesophyll cells above the bundle sheath cells lining vascular tissues
- Photorespiration: Oxygen is added, causes carbon dioxide to be released to the bundle sheath, needs PEP (Phosphoenolpyruvate Acid) |
Cost AnalysisC3 | 18 ATP, 12 NADH | C4 | ...a lot of ATP | CAM | 6-8 more ATP |
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