Types of CellsProkaryotes | "Before nucleus", doesn't contain a membrane bound nuceleus | Eubacteria | Prokaryote; True bacteria | Archaea | Prokaryote; Missing link between prokaryotic and Eukaryota cells | Eukaryotes | "True nucleus", contains a membrane bound nucleus | Eukarya | Eukaryotic; domain containing eukaryotes |
Eubacteria- Small (650 nm)
- Contains cell wall, can be gram stained
- Organelles:
Nucleoid = Ring of DNA; plasmids
Cytosol = Jelly-like material
Ribosome = None-membrane bound, synthesizes proteins (rRNA)
- Gram stain is purple = positive, thick cell wall
- Gram stain is pink = negative, thin cell wall |
Archaea- Discovered in 1977
- Cannot be gram stained
- Similar organelles as eubacteria, but the cell wall is different
- Contains histones (packaging molecules, what chromosomes wrap around)
- Contains chromosomes, a eukaryotic characteristic |
Eukarya- Eukaryotic cells
- Organelles:
Nucleus
Nucleolus
Membrane bound organelles
Ribosomes |
History of Cells1665; Robert Hooke | Named cells | 1830s; T. Schwann | Stated that cells make up all living things | 1850s; Mettius Schleiden | Stated "...the vital process of individual cells must form first and is the basis of life" | Late 1850s; Rudolf Virchow | Established the cell theory with other scientists |
Cell Theory1) All living things are made of cells, cells are the unit of life for all living things | 2) Cells arise from preexisting cells |
Plasma MembranePhospholipid bilayer formed by the presence of water due to hydrophobic interaction
Function = control what goes in and out of the cell Proteins in Cell MembraneIntegral Protein | Proteins that go completely through the protein | Peripheral Protein | Surface of the membrane, trigger/receptor proteins = transports/responds | Glycoprotein/Glycolipid | used for cell recognition | Cholesterol | Keeps the fluid-like characteristics of the membrane |
GastrulaZygote - Fertilized egg
Blastula - Hollow sphere of germ/stem cells HomeostasisHomeostasis | Ability for a cell/organism to maintain its internal environment | Apoptosis | Programmed cell death, based on genetics | Poikilothermic | Body temperature fluctuates | Homothermic | Constant body temperature |
| | DiffusionMovement of a particle/atom/molecule using a concentration gradient, move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration OsmosisMovement of water using a concentration of water, moving from an area of high water potential to an area of low water potential Facilitated Diffusion/Passive TransportDiffusion of a large particle (ex. starch), requires an integral protein but no energy Active TransportAlso called "pumps", pumps material against concentration gradient (low to high), requires a protein and energy Endocytosis and ExocytosisOther transport mechanisms Other Transport MechanismsPhagocytosis | Used for large materials | Pinacytosis | Used for small materials |
Forms of exocytosis and endocytosis Transport TermsHypertonic | High concentration | Hypotonic | Low concentration | Isotonic | Equal concentration | Crenate | Cell shrinks | Lysis | Cell Explodes |
If a cell is hypertonic, the solution is hypotonic and vice versa Hypertonic/Isotonic/Hypotonic
Methods of Nutritional FeedingHeterotrophs | Organisms consumes other organisms | Autotrophs | Organisms makes its own foods (photosynthesis) | Chemoautotrophs | Uses sulfur as a food source | Organotrophs | Uses organic compounds for food | Lithrotrophs | Uses inorganic compounds for food |
| | Genetic MaterialNuclear Membrane
- Composed of phospholipids
- Has pores, allows mRNA to pass through
Nucleus
- Contains 2 types of DNA:
1) Chromosomes (present during cell division)
2) Chromatin (uncondensed DNA)
Nucleolus
- Not membrane-bound ( = no phospholipids)
- Just condensed DNA
- Function: synthesize rRNA (ribosomes) |
OrganellesOrganelle | Organ of the cell | Cytosol | Jelly-like material, cytosol + organelles = cytoplasm | Golgi Apparatus | Membrane bound; Function: Synthesize carbs, modify proteins & lipids | Ribosome | Not membrane bound; Function: Synthesize protein, composed of rRNA | Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) | Membrane bound; Has two types: 1) Rough - Contains ribosomes, synthesizes proteins and lipids 2) Smooth - No ribosomes, synthesizes lipids | Mitochondria | Double membrane bound; Function: Provides 95% of the cell's energy | Peroxisome | Membrane bound; Function: Break down toxins | Vacuoles | Membrane bound; Function: Stores water, minerals, etc | Lysosome | Membrane bound; Function: Breakdown organelles and produce digestive enzymes, ONLY IN ANIMAL CELLS | Cell Wall (Plants) | Composed of cellulose & pectin (protein fiber) | Chloroplast | Double membrane; Function: Photosynthesis, ONLY IN PLANT CELLS | Plastids | Double membrane; Function: Store starch, ONLY IN PLANT CELLS | Tonoplasts | Membrane for large central vacuole (which is ~90% of of plant cells, holds water, ions, salts, and buffers) |
ChloroplastTwo reactions:
1) Light reaction (Thylakoid)
2) Dark reaction (Calvin cycle, stroma) Mitochondria- Provides 95% of a cell's energy
- Matrix: Krebs cycle
- Cristae: Electron transport chain (ETC) CytoskeletonFound in all cells, Function: Support and hold shape of the cell, organelle placement, move things | Microfilament | 7 nm thick, deals with muscle contractions (actin) | Intermediate Filaments | 8-10 nm thick, holds cell shape | Microtubules | 25 nm thick, moves chromosomes in cell division |
OtherRoot Hairs | Cytoplasm projections, Function: water absorption | Alveoli | Air sacs in the lungs, needs water for gas exchange between blood and the air sac | Villi | In small intestine, 1,500 microvilli on villi increases surface area |
What Happens Under These Conditions?Animal cell is in a hypertonic solution Cell crenates (gets smaller) | Animal cell is in a hypotonic solution Cell lyse (lysis -> cell expands and explodes) | Animal cell is under UV light Cell death, causes thymine dimers (thymine bonds with thymine in DNA) | Radiation Cause ionization | Growth hormones as a food additive Hormones are estrogen based, possibly causes delayed or early puberty | Pesticide Also estrogen based, alligators don't develop sexual organs |
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