Characteristics of Life1) Living things have cells | 2) Living things need energy (ATP) | 3) Living things respond to their environment (Stimulus & Response) | 4) Living things adapt to their environment (evolution) | 5) Living things develop & grow | 6) Living things reproduce (sexually and/or asexually) |
Divisions of LifeKingdom | Phylum | Class | Order | Family | Genus | Species |
Ordered largest to smallest Levels of Biological OrganizationAtom | Molecule | Cell | Tissue | Organ | Multicellular Organism |
Organized smallest to largest PhylogeneticsShow evolution over time of different animals based on physical and/or genetic similarities |
Scientific Method1) Define problem | 2) Collect info on problem | 3) Form a hypothesis, null hypothesis = opposite of the hypothesis | 4) Design an experiment that includes a control group, dependent variable, and independent variable | 5) Preform experiment, observe and record data | 6) Draw conclusions, a theory could be developed if hypothesis is proved correct | 7) Report results |
- Scientific method can only answer objective questions based on quantitative facts from experiments
- Experimental design = design an experiment to test a hypothesis and/or answer a question
- Data gathering = Observe and record quantitative and/or qualitative data from experiment
- Data analysis = Make a conclusion as to whether or not the data from the experiment proves the hypothesis incorrect or correct Science v. Pseudoscience v. Non-ScienceScience | Study of natural world | Pseudoscience | Theories about the natural world that appear scientific, but are not | Non-Science | An area of study that is not scientific |
Matter & Units of MatterMatter | Anything that takes up space | Element | Pure substance, cannot be broken down | Atom | Smallest unit of matter | Isotope | An atom with a different number of neutrons | Ion | An atom with more or less electrons than proteins | Molecule | Atoms bonded together |
BondingIonic | Giving or losing electrons | Covalent | Sharing electrons |
Properties of WaterUniversal solvent | High cohesion | High specific heat (= thermal stability) | High heat of vaporization (= cooling mechanism) | Buffer, 7 on pH scale |
pH- Concentration of hydrogen ions
- Basic = 8-13, less hydrogen ion concentration
- Neutral = 7
- Acidic = 0-6, more hydrogen ion concentration
- 7 to 6 = 10x more acidic, 7 to 5 = 100x more acidic and so on |
| | Chemical RxtDehydration Synthesis | Form water that is ultimately removed to form bonds | Hydrolysis | Split compounds/large molecules by adding water |
Inorganic v. Organic CompoundsInorganic Compounds | Any compound that lacks a carbon atom, ex. O2, H2O | Organic Compounds | Compounds from living things, ex. Hydroxyl, Carboxyl Acid, Methyl, Amine |
CarbonCarbon is important to life because it is common in most compounds required for life and can be bonded a variety of ways because it only needs four more electrons to complete an octet. |
Biological MoleculesCarbohydrates | Simple sugar used for short term energy, polysaccharides (Starch, glycogen, cellulose) + monosaccarides (glucose) | Lipids | Fats, oils, and waxes used for long term energy storage. Two parts: Glycerol & fatty acids. Two kinds: Saturated & unsaturated (double bonded carbons). Ex. Phospholipid | Proteins | Made up of one or more polypeptides folded and coiled onto each other | Nucleic Acid | Used for storing genetic information, two kinds: RNA & DNA |
Proteins- Polypeptide = Polymer of amino acids
- Amino Acids = Organic molecule with an amino acid group and a carboxyl group
- Proteins work by their shape so change the shape = Destroy the protein (denature) |
Structures of a Protein1) Primary Structure | Chain of amino acids | 2) Secondary Structure | Coils and folds of a polypeptide chain, hydrogen bonds determine of pleated or helix | 3) Tertiary Structure | Shape caused by interactions between R groups, shape can be determined by ionic bonding, disulfide bonds, hydrogen bonding, and hydrophobic attraction | 4) Quaternary Structure | Overall protein structure, 2+ tertiary structures put together |
Functions of Proteins1) Enzyme/Catalyst = Speeds up reactions by lowering the amount of energy needed, allosteric site = working sites of enzymes | 2) Structure = Protein fibers (filaments), cytoskeleton in cells | 3) Hormones = Slow communication system, quorum sensing = bacterial cells communicate with each other by releasing hormones |
EnzymesUsed to do work in cells such as: | 1) Mechanical Work | 2) Transport Work | 3) Chemical Work (catalysts = lower the amount of energy required) | How does an enzyme work? | 1) Induced Fit = Putting two reactants together to lower energy | 2) pH = Modifies pH of the system/reaction for a favorable spontaneous reaction | What affects enzyme function? | 1) Temperature | 2) pH | 3) Cofactor = A mineral is needed for an enzyme to work, changes the shape of the allosteric site | 4) Inhibitors = Substance that blocks the allosteric site of an enzyme, ex. negative feedback loops, positive feedback loops, penicillin |
Other ProteinsDefensive Proteins | Protection against diseases, ex. antigens & antibodies | Receptor Proteins | Located on the phospholipid bilayer of a cell or organelle's membrane, function: response to compounds |
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