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AP Biology Class notes from Dr. George's class turned into a study guide on Chemistry of life.
BasicsEverything is made up of matter | Only 25 elements are essential for life | Matter is made up of atoms | 96% of living matter is N,H,C,O | Atoms consist of protons, Neutrons, and Electrons | 4% of living matter is Ca,K,S,P |
Bonding PropertiesElectron Effects- | determine chemical behavior of atom | depends on the # of the electrons in the outermost shell called the "valance electrons" & "Valance shell" | atoms want a complete octate (8 valance electrons) except for hydrogen (wants 4) |
Chemical ReactivityAtoms tend to complete a partially filled valance shell or empty a partially filled valance shell. | This drives reactions & completes bonds |
Bonds in chemistryStrong Bonds | Weak Bonds | Covalent Bond -> share electrons evenly | Hydrogen Bond -> attraction between + and - | | | Ionic |
| | Covalent BondsWhy are covalent bonds so strong? | Multiple covalent bonds | * 2 atoms share a pair of electrons | * Double Bonds ex: O2 | * both atoms are holding on | * 2 Pairs of electrons | * Very stable | * Triple bonds ex: N2 (very strong) | * Forms Molecules ex: H2O | * 3 pairs of electrons |
Polar vs Non Polar Covalent BondsPolar Covalent | Non-Polar Covalent | No areas of + or - because electrons are shared evenly | Electrons are shared unequally by atoms | Ex: Hydrocarbons (Methane CH4) | Ex: (H2O) -> O is more - and pulls electrons away from the H making O have a - charge. | Balanced and stable |
Hydrogen BondingAttraction between +H in one H2O molecule and the -O in another H2O molecule | Weak Bond |
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