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Ch 13: Meiosis; Ch 14: Mendelian Genetics; Ch 15: Chromosomes
Mutationsmutation | genetic or chromosomal (deletion, inversion, translocation, polyploidy) abnormality | karyotype | diagram that shows size, #, & shape of chromosomes | nondisjunction | failed separation of homologous chromosomesaneuploidy(trisomy, polyploidy |
| | Mendelian LawsLaw of Dominance offspring of 2 organisms that are homozygous for 2 opposing traits will be hybrid but will only exhibit the dominant trait and not the recessive trait | Law of Segregation during formation of gametes, the 2 traits carried by each parent will separate | Law of Independent Assortment alleles of a gene for one trait segregate independently from alleles of a gene for another trait (applies w/dihybrid cross) |
Geneslinked | genes on the same chromosome | sex-linked | traits carried on X chromosome | linkage mapping | distance between genes on chromosome=chance of separation by crossing over | recombination frequency | =total recombinants/total # offspring x100 | pedigree | used to determine how traits are inherited | Barr body | inactivated X chromosome in each female mammal's somatic cellgenetic mosaic |
| | Types of Crossesmonohybrid cross | Tt x Tt; phenotype ratio=3:1; genotype ratio=1:2:1 | testcross | B/__ x b/b to determine B/__'s genotype | dihybrid cross | TtYy x TtYy; can produce 4 types of gametes & phenotype ratio=9:3:3:1 |
Types of Inheritanceincomplete dominance | hybrids show blending of traits | codominance | hybrids show both traits | multiple alleles | more than 2 allelic forms | pleiotropy | 1 gene affects an organism in several/many ways | epistasis | 2 genes, 1 trait; 1 masks expression of the other | polygenic | blending of several genes that vary along a continuum |
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Great cheat sheet! Thanks for sharing!
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