Population Ecology
biotic/abiotic factorsresponse: acclimate, regulate, conform, migrate, torpor, etc. |
fundamental niche=range of factors/resources a species could use |
realized niche=actual use of potential environment |
uniform dispersion=evenly spaced |
random dispersion=unpredictable spacing |
clumped dispersion=aggregate in patches |
Logistic Growth
K-selection=sensitive to population density
r-selection=maximizes r (reproductive rate)
density independent= pop. density does not affect birth/death rate
density dependent= pop. densitybirth rate/death rate
Species Richness and Diversity
species richness |
# of different species in a community |
species diversity |
# & size of each population in a community |
relative abundance |
proportion of different species in a community |
dominant species |
most abundant species w/ highest biomass |
keystone species |
has pivotal ecological role/niche |
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Interspecific Interactions
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Competitive Exclusion Principle 2 species can't survive in the same ecological niche; fundamental≠realized
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Predation +/-; adaptions: cryptic/aposematic coloration, Batesian/Müllerian mimicry
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Symbiosis -parasitism: +/-, endo & ecto
-mutualism: +/+, obligate vs facultative
-commensalism: +/0 interaction
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Community Disturbance
primary succession |
colonization by pioneer organisms (bacteria/algae/lichens/moss) in a virtually lifeless area to form soil |
secondary succession |
colonization of an area where the existing community was cleared but soil is intact |
Learning
habituation |
loss of responsiveness to stimuli w/no new info |
imprinting |
formation of permanent long-lasting response to an individual during sensitive period |
spatial |
landmarks, cognitive maps |
associative |
classical/operant conditioning |
cognitive |
awareness, reasoning, judgmentproblem solving |
Social Behavior
cooperation |
behavior done as a group |
agonistic |
aggressive behavior |
dominance hierarchies |
dictate social position of an animal in a culture |
territoriality |
behavior to defend an area from others |
altruism |
individual's reproductive fitness, fitness of colony |
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Chemical Cycles
Water |
evaporation, condensation, precipitation, runoff/transpiration |
Carbon |
photosynthesis & respiration, burning fossil fuels |
Nitrogen |
fixation: free nitrogenNH₄+
nitrification: NH₄+nitrites/ates
denitrification: nitratesN₂
decomposition: organic matterammonia |
Animal Behavior
Proximate Cause |
how a behavior occurs/is modified |
Ultimate Cause |
why behavior occurs in context of natural selection |
Fixed Action Pattern |
highly stereotypic behavior that is unchangeable and carried to completion |
Sign Stimulus |
external cue that triggers FAP
exchanged within a species=releaser |
Communication |
visual (waggle dance), chemical (pheromones), tactile, & auditory (birdsong) |
Kinesis & Taxis |
change in activity in response to stimulus; oriented movement toward/away from stimulus |
Ecosystem Energy Flow
bottom-up model: influence from lowhigh
top-down (trophic cascade) model: influence from highlow
biological magnification:trophic level=accumulated toxin concentration
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