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DataBase Concepts Cheat Sheet by

Overview of SQL keywords

DDL

TABLE
COLUMN
Creation
CREATE TABLE table_name
ALTER TABLE table_name
column­_name1, data_t­ype­(size), column­_name2 data_t­ype­(size), column­_name3 data_t­ype­(size),
ADD column­_name datatype
Renaming
RENAME old_ta­ble­_name
ALTER TABLE table_name
TO new_ta­ble­_name;
RENAME old_co­lum­n_name TO new__c­olu­mn_­name;
Deleting
DROP TABLE Table_Name
ALTER TABLE Table_Name DROP COLUMN column­_name;

DML

ADDING ROWS
DELETING ROWS
INSERT INTO table_name (column1, column2, column3, ...)
DELETE FROM table_name
VALUES (value1, value2, value3, ...);
WHERE condition (eg , column2 = value2,;
UPDATING ROWS
UPDATE table_name SET column1 = value1
, column2 = value2, ... WHERE condition;

DQL

Wildcard Pattern Matching
SELECT column1,
column2,
FROM table_name
WHERE column2 LIKE pattern;
'_r%' Finds any values that have "­r" in the second position
'a%' Finds any values that start with "­a".
 
'a%o' Finds any values that start with "­a" and ends with "­o"
'%or%' Finds any values that have "­or" in any position.
Sorting
Sorts the results of a column alphab­eti­cally or numeri­cally, ascending by default
 
SELECT name_o­f_c­olumn1, name_o­f_c­olumn2 FROM name_o­f_table WHERE condition1 OR condit­ion2... ASC/DESC;
Contains
SELECT * FROM TableName
WHERE Country IN ('val1', 'val2', 'val3');
CURSOR
A database cursor is an object that enables traversal over the rows of a result set. It allows you to process individual row returned by a query
DECLARE all variables you’ll need
DECLARE … CURSOR FOR SELECT query, where you’ll declare a cursor and also define the query related to (popul­ating) that cursor
DECLARE cursor­_name CURSOR FOR select­_st­ate­ment;
OPEN the cursor and FETCH NEXT from the cursor
OPEN cursor­_na­me;....FETCH NEXT FROM cursor INTO variab­le_­list;
In the WHILE loop you’ll test the @@FETC­H_S­TATUS variable (WHILE @@FETC­H_S­TATUS = 0). If the condition holds, you’ll enter the loop BEGIN … END block and perform statements inside that block
WHILE @@FETC­H_S­TATUS = 0 BEGIN FETCH NEXT FROM cursor­_name; END;
CLOSE the cursor and DEALLOCATE it.
CLOSE cursor­_name; DEALLOCATE cursor­_name;
CASE
Goes through conditions and returns the value corres­ponding to the first true condition (like an if-the­n-else statement)
 
CASE WHEN condition1 THEN result1 WHEN condition2 THEN result2 WHEN conditionN THEN resultN ELSE result END;
 

DDL Examples

TABLE
COLUMN
Creation
CREATE TABLE friends
ALTER TABLE Friends D
name varcha­r(100),
ADD id int;
age int );
Renaming
RENAME friends
ALTER TABLE fam
TO fam;
RENAME name TO first_­name;
Deleting
DROP TABLE Fam;
ALTER TABLE Fam DROP COLUMN age;

DML Example

ADDING ROWS
DELETING ROWS
INSERT INTO fam (id, name, age)
DELETE FROM fam
VALUES (1, 'Ross', 31);
WHERE condition (id = 1);
UPDATING ROWS
UPDATE fam SET name = 'Rachel Geller'
WHERE id = 2;

DQL example

Wildcard Pattern Matching
SELECT column1,
column2,
FROM table_name
WHERE column2 LIKE pattern;
'_r%' Finds any values that have "­r" in the second position
'a%' Finds any values that start with "­a".
 
'a%o' Finds any values that start with "­a" and ends with "­o"
'%or%' Finds any values that have "­or" in any position.
Order By
  
SELECT name_o­f_c­olumn1, name_o­f_c­olumn2 FROM name_o­f_table WHERE condition1 OR condit­ion2... ASC/DESC;
Contains
SELECT * FROM Customers WHERE Country IN ('Germ­any', 'France', 'UK');
 
SELECT * FROM Customers WHERE Country NOT IN ('Germ­any', 'France', 'UK');
CURSOR
Allows us to update one row at a time or perform an admini­str­ative process such as SQL Server database backups in a sequential manner.
DECLARE all variables we need
 
DECLARE @produ­ct_name VARCHA­R(MAX), @list_­price DECIMAL;
DECLARE … CURSOR FOR SELECT naming our cursor and the query to find the values it will contain
 
DECLARE cursor­_pr­oduct CURSOR FOR SELECT produc­t_name, list_price FROM produc­tio­n.p­rod­ucts;
OPEN the cursor and FETCH NEXT from the cursor
 
OPEN cursor­_pr­oduct; FETCH NEXT FROM cursor­_pr­oduct INTO @produ­ct_­name, @list_­price;
The WHILE loop to test the weather our condition returned values, when 0 (meaning rows were returned), we fetch the specified values
 
WHILE @@FETC­H_S­TATUS = 0 BEGIN PRINT @produ­ct_name + CAST(@­lis­t_price AS varchar); FETCH NEXT FROM cursor­_pr­oduct INTO @produ­ct_­name, @list_­price; END;
CLOSE the cursor and DEALLOCATE it.
 
CLOSE cursor­_pr­oduct; DEALLOCATE cursor­_pr­oduct;
Case
SELECT OrderID, Quantity, CASE WHEN Quantity > 30 THEN 'The quantity is greater than 30' WHEN Quantity = 30 THEN 'The quantity is 30' ELSE 'The quantity is under 30' END AS Quanti­tyText FROM OrderD­etails;
 
SELECT Custom­erName, City, Country FROM Customers ORDER BY (CASE WHEN City IS NULL THEN Country ELSE City END);
                   
 

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  • Published: 19th November, 2021
  • Last Updated: 28th March, 2022
  • Rated: 0 stars based on 1 ratings

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