Peninental Ordinance (1070)
‘Anyone who knows that he killed a man in the great battle must do penance for one year for each man that he killed.’ |
‘Anyone who wounded a man, and does not know whether he killed him or not, must do penance for forty days for each man thus struck (if he can remember the number), either continuously or at intervals.’ |
‘Anyone who does not know the number of those he wounded or killed must, at the discretion of his bishop, do penance for one day in each week for the remainder of his life; or, if he can, let him redeem his sins by a perpetual alms, either by building or endowing a church.’ |
Penance: an act of satisfaction, a sort of spiritual healing (e.g. prayer, fasting, almsgiving, pilgrimage). |
Tancred
Spiritual Crisis of 11th Century Warrior |
'...burned with anxiety ... warfare seemed to contradict the Lord’s commands ...’ |
‘a secular military life required him to avenge the spilling of his relatives’ blood ...’ |
‘This incompatibility dampened the courage of the wise man...' |
‘...Pope Urban granted remission ...his courage was born ...’ |
‘But after the call to arms in the service of Christ, the twofold reason for fighting inflamed him beyond belief.’ |
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- Alexios I Komnenos |
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Council of Clermont 1095
Muslim occupation of Holy Land |
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Christian shrines desecrated |
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Eastern Christians suffered |
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War of liberation |
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Religious significance of Jerusalem |
‘Whosoever for devotion alone, not to gain honour or money, goes to Jerusalem to liberate the Church of God can substitute this journey for all penance.’ |
The Reponse |
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‘When this speech had begun to be noised abroad ... the Franks sewed crosses on their right shoulders, saying with one voice that they wished to follow the footsteps of Christ, by which they would be redeemed from the hand of Hell.’ |
Expeditions of First Crusade
Two forces: |
People's (Peasants') Crusade, Princes' Crusade |
Leaders of Princes' Crusade: |
Bohemond of Taranto, his nephew Tancred |
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Raymond of Saint Gilles |
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Godfrey of Bouillon |
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Baldwin of Boulogne |
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Duke Robert of Normandy |
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Count Robert of Flanders |
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Count Stephen of Blois |
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Bishop Adhémar of Le Puy, papal legate |
Peasants' Crusade |
15 August 1096 |
Official departure date set by Urban |
Crusade departed in spring 1096. |
Main leaders: |
Peter the Hermit and Walter the Penniless ‘Sans Avoir’. |
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Constantinople to Antioch
November 1096 – May 1097: |
Their arrival at Constantinople |
May–June 1097: |
Siege of Nicaea |
1 July: |
Battle of Dorylaeum |
20 October 1097: |
Siege of Antioch begins |
October 1097 – June 1098: |
Siege of Antioch |
2/3rd June: |
Crusaders enter Antioch (except citadel) |
5 June: |
Kerbogha’s army arrives outside Antioch |
15 June: |
Discovery of the relic of the Holy Lance |
28 June: |
Battle of Antioch (crusader victory) |
Anti-Jewish Violence: Rhineland 1096
Notorious leader: |
Swabian, Count Emicho of Flonheim |
Some local clergy attempted to defend Jewish communitie |
Forced conversion |
‘[The crusaders] said to one another: “Behold we travel to a distant land ... to kill and to subjugate all those kingdoms that do not believe in the Crucified. How much more so [should we kill and subjugate] the Jews, who killed and crucified him.”’ |
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'God Wills It!'
7 June 1099: |
Siege begun |
15 July: |
Crusaders enter city |
12 August: |
Battle of Ascalon (crusader victory against Egyptian force) |
The First Crusade (1096–99) was regarded as a ‘miraculous’ success. |
‘Since the creation of the world what more miraculous undertaking has there been (other than the mystery of the redeeming Cross) than what was achieved in our own time by the journey of our own people to Jerusalem?’ |
- Robert the Monk, 1107 |
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