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IntroLack of sources written by women | 1st hand accounts: | Héloise (12th cent) | | | Hrotsvitha (10th cent) | | | Hildegard of Bingen (Abbess, 12th cent) | | | Christine de Pisan (14-15th) | Previously assumed: more lit men | Questioned now because: | Noble women's reading & devotion | | | Nuns | | | Bayeux tapesty |
Women's opportunitiesOpportunities for women didn't expand until High Middle Ages | Respectable occupations: | Childbearing | | | Marriage | | | Religion | Noble women - pawns used by father for dynastic strategies | 12th century English noblewomen 2x more likely to marry more than once, than noblemen |
| | Medieval queensDepended on contemp political sitch | Could exercise authority & influence behind the scenes | King died→successor still child→possible queen regnant (rare) |
Queen regnant = queen ruling King Edward the Confessor on Queen Edith'In the arts of painting and needlework, she was... another Minerva.' | 'She herself excelled in the writing of prose and verse.' | Multilingual: 'General language of Gaul', 'Danish and Irish', 'and English, her native language' | 'Her generosity was incomparable.' |
Melisende1129: Married Fulk V of Anjou | To rule as joint monarchs → Fulk tried to push Mel in background | After serious dispute between them, revealed: she had nobles' support | Then they co-ruled successfully | Their son Baldwin III fought a war against her→she defended her rights as co-ruler |
‘[She] had completely triumphed over the handicap of her sex so that she could take charge of important affairs’
- William of Tyre |
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