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Benedictine RuleMonasticism: Poverty, Chastity, Obedience | St. Benedict of Nursia: 6th cent, influential | Long night office | 7 daily offices | Social Function: | 3 types recruits: Mature laymen, clerics, noble children | Most recruits = noble children | Lay foundations & donations = v important | Communities of monks needed to perform heavy penances |
ClunyPeak of Benedictine life | Abbot Odilo (r. 994-1049) | respected & powerful | c.1100 | diversification of religious orders | 12th & early 13th century | new orders forming | Formation of new orders | protest against old orders |
New Orders12th century | Rise of individual spirituality | Monks unhappy w/ perceived decadence of Benedictines | New orders: | Augustinian, Cistercians |
Augustian CanonsAugustine's advice | Pray together | | | Obedience to superior | | | Hold possessions in common | Small churches, close to towns | Augustinian: engaged w/ world | Benedictine: secluded |
Based life on letter from Augustine to religious women | | CisterciansFled from society | Rigorous life: | aggressive pursuit of religious ideal | Return to primitive Benedictine Rule |
Bernard of Clairvaux1115: | Cistercian Order expanded. | | | Bernard asked to lead in foundation of Clairvaux monastery. | Abbot of Clairvaux in mid20s | High profile | Enthusiasm & ability | Drawn into politics, esp. papacy | Cistercians expanded rapidly: | Rejected tithes, rents, services, church profits Augustinians relied on | | | Refused: perform masses, confessions, burials | | | Land only for agriculture & full possession | | | Removed selves from towns | | | Conversi (lay brothers) = basis for economy | 20 Aug 1153 | Bernard died | | | 338 Cist abbeys (68 direct foundations of Clairvaux) |
Born 1090. Aristocratic family in Fontaines
Schooled from young age, meant for a clerical career. Religious WomenRelatively few women religious | England, 1066: | 13 religious houses for women, 50 for men | 1154: | 60 for women, 500 for men | Double monasteries | Groups of nuns w/ groups of monks |
Cistercian efforts to prevent women from joining their Order |
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