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Chap 27: Bacteria & Archaea Cheat Sheet by

Lecture; Domain Archaea not covered; Lab 4

Prokar­yotes

No nucleus; 1st organisms to inhabit earth
unicel­lular, some form colonies
fall into Bacteria and Archaea
0.5-5 microm­eters
reproduces via binary fission
short generation time

Cell surface structures

Capsule
polysa­cch­ari­de/­protein surrounds cell wall; sticks; prevents dehydr­ation
Fimbriae
hair-like; stick
Sex pili
longer than fimbriae; sexual conjug­ati­on(­exc­hange DNA)
Taxis
movement
chemotaxis
toward or away from a chemical
phototaxis
toward or away from light
Flagella
motor (ATP driven pump); filame­nt(whip line); 42 different proteins but only half are used

In the Biosphere

-chemical recyling
-decom­posers
-use CO2 to form sugar & oxygen
- nitrogen fixing
increase soil nutrients
 

Shapes

cocci – spherical
bacilli - rod-shaped
spiril­la/­spi­roc­hetes - spiral

diplococci (2)
streptococci (in a line/c­hain)
staphylococci (in a clump)

Internal organi­zation

- no membrane bound organe­lles; no nucleus
Plasmids - small units of DNA
DNA = large chromosome nucleoid region
endospore - enviro­nment not benefi­cial; copies DNA chromo­somes

Nutrit­ional Modes

Photoa­uto­troph
uses light; CO2, HCO-3
Chemoa­uto­troph
uses inorganic chemicals; C)2, HCO-3
Photoh­ete­rotroph
uses light; organic compounds
Chemoh­ete­rot­rophs
organic compounds; organic compounds

Oxygen in Metabolism

Aerobic- use O2
Fermen­tat­ion­/An­aerobic - no O2
Obligate aerobes
must use O2 - for cellular respir­ation
Obligate Anaerobes
cannot use O2
Facult­ative anaerobes
can use O2 but does not have to
 

Cell Wall Bacteria

Gram Positive (+)
Gram Negative (-)
simple cell walls, large peptid­ogl­ycan, 1 inner membrane
complex cell wall, small peptid­ogl­ycan, outer and inner membrane
purple
pink

Factors that give rise to Genetic Diversity

1. Rapid Reprod­uction - binary fission (offsp­rings are identical
2. Mutation - low rate (short generation times = large popula­tion)
3. Genetic Recomb­ination - different DNA's combined

Genetic Recomb­ination

Transf­orm­ation
-replaces it's own DNA w/ foreign DNA
Transd­uction
-involves a phage(­virus) to infect fragments of DNA to another bacterial cell. = recomb­inant cell
Conjug­ation
-DNA is transf­erred in 1 direction thru a mating bridge (pilus)
-repli­cates comple­mentary strand from a donor and recipient cell
-F factor as part of either plasmid or circular chromosome
 

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