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Lecture; Domain Archaea not covered; Lab 4
Prokaryotes
No nucleus; 1st organisms to inhabit earth |
unicellular, some form colonies |
fall into Bacteria and Archaea |
0.5-5 micrometers |
reproduces via binary fission |
short generation time |
Cell surface structures
Capsule |
polysaccharide/protein surrounds cell wall; sticks; prevents dehydration |
Fimbriae |
hair-like; stick |
Sex pili |
longer than fimbriae; sexual conjugation(exchange DNA) |
Taxis |
movement |
chemotaxis |
toward or away from a chemical |
phototaxis |
toward or away from light |
Flagella |
motor (ATP driven pump); filament(whip line); 42 different proteins but only half are used |
In the Biosphere
-chemical recyling |
-decomposers |
-use CO2 to form sugar & oxygen |
- nitrogen fixing |
increase soil nutrients |
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Shapes
cocci – spherical |
bacilli - rod-shaped |
spirilla/spirochetes - spiral |
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diplococci (2) |
streptococci (in a line/chain) |
staphylococci (in a clump) |
Internal organization
- no membrane bound organelles; no nucleus |
Plasmids - small units of DNA |
DNA = large chromosome nucleoid region |
endospore - environment not beneficial; copies DNA chromosomes |
Nutritional Modes
Photoautotroph |
uses light; CO2, HCO-3 |
Chemoautotroph |
uses inorganic chemicals; C)2, HCO-3 |
Photoheterotroph |
uses light; organic compounds |
Chemoheterotrophs |
organic compounds; organic compounds |
Oxygen in Metabolism
Aerobic- use O2 |
Fermentation/Anaerobic - no O2 |
Obligate aerobes |
must use O2 - for cellular respiration |
Obligate Anaerobes |
cannot use O2 |
Facultative anaerobes |
can use O2 but does not have to |
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Cell Wall Bacteria
Gram Positive (+) |
Gram Negative (-) |
simple cell walls, large peptidoglycan, 1 inner membrane |
complex cell wall, small peptidoglycan, outer and inner membrane |
purple |
pink |
Factors that give rise to Genetic Diversity
1. Rapid Reproduction - binary fission (offsprings are identical |
2. Mutation - low rate (short generation times = large population) |
3. Genetic Recombination - different DNA's combined |
Genetic Recombination
Transformation |
-replaces it's own DNA w/ foreign DNA |
Transduction |
-involves a phage(virus) to infect fragments of DNA to another bacterial cell. = recombinant cell |
Conjugation |
-DNA is transferred in 1 direction thru a mating bridge (pilus) |
-replicates complementary strand from a donor and recipient cell |
-F factor as part of either plasmid or circular chromosome |
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