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Monomers and PolymersMonomers are the smaller units from which larger molecules are made | Polymers are molecules made from a large number of monomers joined together |
DisaccharidesMaltose | Glucose and Glucose | Sucrose | Glucose and Fructose | Lactose | Glucose and Galactose |
AmylosePolymer of alpha glucose | Coiled, alpha-helix structure | Not branched | 1-4 glycosidic bonds only | Insoluble so doesn't affect water potential | Compact so a lot can be stored in a small space | Function: energy storage in plants |
GlycogenFunction: energy storage in animals | Polymers of alpha glucose | Branched structure, but more ends than amylopectin to reflect higher metabolic activity of animals | 1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds | Insoluble so doesn't affect water potential | Compact so a lot can be stored in a small space | Many ends can be acted on simultaneously by enzymes |
Test for sugarsBenedict's test for reducing sugars involves boiling with Benedict's solution, and the positive result is a coloured (non-blue) precipitate | Test for non-reducing sugars involves boiling with HCl, neutralising with NaOH and then repeating the Benedict's test |
| | Functions of CarbohydratesSource of energy | Structural Components | Storage Compounds | Metabolite | Transport | Cell Recognition |
Condensation reactions of carbohydratesCondensation reactions between monosaccharides forms glycosidic bonds |
AmylopectinFunction: energy storage in plants | Polymer of alpha glucose | Branched structure | 1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds | Large so insoluble so doesn't affect water potential | Many ends that can be acted on by enzymes to hydrolyse quickly |
CelluloseFunction: Structural components of plant cell walls | Polymer of beta glucose | Chains of alternately inverted beta glucose units | Hydrogen bonds between the chains increases collective strength | Forms microfibrils and then fibril structures which increases tensile strength | Long chains form a mesh structure and so the cell wall is permeable |
Test for starchAdd iodine solution to the sample | A positive result is a blue/black solution |
Test for starchAdd iodine solution to the sample | | | A positive result is a blue/black solution |
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