Bulk
Bulk commodity vs bulk cargo |
Four main characteristics of bulk commodities which influence their sustainability for transport in bulk:
- Volume
- Handling and stowage
- Cargo value
- Regularity of flow
Factors in the bulk market
Commodity supply industries |
Steel production |
Growing infrastructure development in developing countries |
Urbanization |
Used to be Europe, USA and Japan, now BRIC [Brasil, Russia, India, China] |
Overcapacity in the fleet + large orderbook |
Efficiency |
Price and volume |
Reefers
Refrigerator ships |
Temperature controlled transportation |
Usually food |
Competition from containers |
Ships
Capesize bulk carrier |
> 100.000 dwt, Coal and ore, ULOC, VLOC |
Panamax bulk carrier |
60.000-100.000 dwt, Coal, crude oil and petroleum, Latin-America |
Handymax bulk carrier |
40.000-60.000 dwt, Small and large ports, often 4 cranes |
Handysize bulk carrier |
10.000-40.000 dwt, the smallest bulk carriers, often 4 cranes |
OBO carrier |
Oil/Bulk/Ore, Dry and wet bulk, Cleaning is demanding, expensive to build, not built any more |
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History
1850: The first bulk ships built |
1900: The first diesel fueled ships with integrated loading and unloading equipment |
1958: Thorvald Klaveness built the worlds first special made bulk carrier, Carried fertilizer from Norway |
1961: Klaveness was the first in the world to carry cement |
Industrial revolution
From short-sea to deep-sea |
Increased trade between the industrialized countries |
Increased energy need, increased production |
Larger and quicker ships |
Specialisedbulk carrieres |
Dry bulk
Major bulk:
- Iron ore•Coal
- Grain
- Phosphate rocks
- Bauxite and alumina
Minor bulk:
- Forest products
- Sugar
- Agribulk |
Future trends
Surplus in the market |
China’s growth? Stagnation? |
Other BRIC countries |
International bulk fleet |
Baltic dry index |
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Ship types
Bulk-carriers |
Ore-carriers |
OBO / Combination Carriers |
Iron ore
20% of the dry bulk |
Measured in tons |
Steel |
Mining |
Very dusty |
Coal
Electricity production |
Fuel for heating |
Mining |
Environmentally questionable |
Corn
Food production |
Rice, corn, oatmeal, wheat |
Demanding transportation–high risk |
Ventilation and protection from bad weather and bugs |
Phosphate
Fertilizer |
Dusty and absorbs moisture |
Bauxite
Production of aluminum |
Indonesia –50% of the export |
Kina –70% of import |
Hydro |
Uncertain trade in the future due to Indonesian stop in export |
Minor bulk
Represents the rest of the dry bulk industry |
Sugar, minerals, forest products |
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