Fill in phases of cell cycle
G0 |
most cells that will no longer divide |
G1 phase |
restriction point |
S phase |
chromosomes duplicate |
prophase |
mitotic spindle begin to form |
prophase |
chromosomes become visible |
pro metaphase |
kinetochore-microtubule interactions move chromosomes to midline |
metaphase |
chromosomes line up at central plate |
anaphase |
sister chromosome separate and chromosomes move apart |
telophase |
nuclear membranes form around separated chromosomes |
cytokinesis |
cell plate forms or cleavage furrow pinches cells apart |
Probabilities of Genotype (example)
Cross |
Offspring |
Probability |
AAbb X AaBb |
AAbb |
1/4 |
AaBB X AaBb |
aaBB |
1/8 |
AABbcc X aabbCC |
AaBbCc |
1/2 |
AaBbCc X AaBbcc |
aabbcc |
1/32 |
Blood Groups of Man who could not be the father
Child |
Mother |
Man |
AB |
A |
no groups exonerated |
O |
B |
A or O |
A |
AB |
A or O |
O |
O |
AB only |
B |
A |
B or O |
Steps of transcription
Initiation |
Transcription factors bind to promoter and facilitate the binding of RNA polymerase II, forming a transcription initiation complex; RNA polymerase II separates DNA strands and RNA synthesis begins at the start point. |
Elongation |
RNA polymerase II moves along the DNA strand, connecting RNA nucleotides that have paired to the DNA template to the 3' end of the growing RNA strand |
Termination |
After polymerase transcribes past a polyadenylation signal sequence, the pre-mRNA is cut a released. |
|
|
Phases of cell cycle
Interphase |
90% of cell cycle; growth and DNA replication |
G1 phase |
Chromosome consists of a long thin chromatin fiber made of DNA and associated proteins; growth and metabolic activities occur. |
S phase |
Synthesis of DNA. Chromosome is duplicated; two exact copies (sister chromatids) are produced and held together tightly at their centromeres and by cohesions along with their length; growth and metabolic activities continue. |
G2 phase |
Growth and metabolism continue |
Mitotic phase |
Cell division occurs |
Prophase |
The sister chromatids, held together by sister chromatid cohesion, become coiled and tightly condensed. |
Prometaphase |
Kinetochore fibers from opposite ends of the mitotic spindle attach to the kinetochores of the sister chromatids; the chromosomes move towards midline. |
Metaphase |
The centromere of the chromosome is aligned at the metaphase plate along with the centromeres of the other chromosomes. |
Anaphase |
Cohesins are cleaved and the sister chromatids separate (now considered individual chromosomes) and move to opposite poles of the cell. |
Telophase |
Chromatin fiber of the chromosome uncoils and is surrounded by reforming nuclear membrane. |
Processes of transcription and translation
|
Transcription |
Translation |
Template |
DNA |
RNA |
Location |
nucleus (cytoplasm in prokaryotes) |
cytoplasm; ribosomes can be free or attached to ER |
Molecules involved |
RNA nucleotides, DNA template strand, RNA polymerase, transcription factors |
amino acids, tRNA, mRNA, ribosomes, ATP, GTP, enzymes, initiation, elongation, and release factors. |
Enzymes involved |
RNA polymerase, spliceosomes |
aminoacytl-tRNA synthetase, ribosomal enzymes (ribozymes) |
Control- start and stop |
transcription factors locate promoter region with TATA box and start point, polyadenylation signal sequence to stop |
initiation factors, initiation sequence (AUG), stop codons, release factor |
Product |
primary transcript (pre-mRNA) |
polypeptide |
Product processing |
RNA processing: 5' cap and poly-A tail, splicing of pre-mRNA, introns removed by spliceosomes. |
spontaneous folding, disulfide bridges, signal peptide removed, cleaving, quaternary structure, modification with sugars, etc. |
Key events of meiosis
Interphase |
Chromosome duplication; sister chromatids attached at centromere and by sister chromatids cohesion along their lengths. |
Prophase I |
Chromosomes condense. Synapsis of homologous pairs (held by synaptonemal complex); crossing over (exchange of corresponding DNA segments) is evident at chiasmata. |
Metaphase I |
Homologous pairs line up independently at metaphase plate (orientation of maternal and paternal homologs is random). |
Anaphase I |
Homologous pairs of chromosomes separate and homologs move toward opposite poles; sister chromosomes remain attached at centromere. |
Metaphase II |
Haploid set of chromosomes, each consisting of 2 sister chromatids, aligns at metaphase plate; sister chromatids not identical due to crossing over. |
Anaphase II |
Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles as individual chromosomes. |
Levels of metaphase chromosome packing
1. Nucleosomes (10-nm fiber of nucleosomes and linker DNA) |
2. 30-nm fiber |
3. Looped domains (300-nm fiber) |
4. coiling and folding of looped domains into highly condenses metaphase chromosome. |
DNA sequence info
Types of DNA |
Description |
% |
Exons or rRNA/t-RNA coding |
Protein and RNA coding sequences |
1.5 |
Introns |
noncoding sequences with genes |
20 |
Regulatory sequences |
enhancers, promoters, and other such sequences |
5 |
Transposable elements and related sequences |
multiple copies of mostly movable sequences |
44 |
Alu elements |
family of short sequences related to transposable elements |
10 |
L1 sequences |
retrotransposons found in introns of most genes |
17 |
Unique noncoding DNA |
gene fragments and psuedogenes |
15 |
Large-segment duplications |
multiple copies of large sequences |
5-6 |
Simple sequence DNA |
DNA centromeres and telomeres, also STRs |
3 |
|
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