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Photosynthesis equation
6CO2+12H2O+Light Energy→C6H12O6+ 6O2+6H2O |
Process That Feeds The Biosphere
Photosynthesis-process that converts solar energy into chemical energy |
Autotroph-sustain themselves without eating anything from other organisms |
Photoautotroph-obtain their organic material from other organisms |
Converting light energy to chemical energy of food
Chloroplasts-the sites of PS in plants |
Leaves-major locations of PS |
Chlorophyll-green pigment within chloroplasts |
Stomata-microscopic pores CO2 enters and O2 exits through the leaf |
Mesophyll-interior tissue of leaf |
Thylakoids-connected sacs in the chloroplast |
Stroma-a dense fluid chloroplasts contain |
Photosynthetic Pigments
Absorption spectrum-graph plotting a pigment's light absorption versus wavelength |
Action spectrum-profiles the relative effectiveness of different wavelengths of radiation in driving a process |
Chlorophyll A-main photosynthetic pigment |
Chlorophyll B-accessory pigments that broadens the spectrum used for PS |
Carotenoids-accessory pigments that absorb excess light that would damage chlorophyll |
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The Splitting Of Water
Chloroplasts split H2O into hydrogen and oxygen, incorporating the electrons of hydrogen into sugar molecules |
Photosynthesis as a redox process
H2O is oxidized and CO2 is reduced |
The light reactions (in the thylakoids)
Split H2O
Release O2
Reduce NADP+ to NADPH
Generate ATP from ADP by Phosphorylation |
Calvin Cycle (in the stroma)
Forms sugar from CO2, using ATP and NADPH
Begins with carbon fixation, incorporating CO2 into organic molecules |
Light to Chemical Energy
Thylakoids transform light energy into chemical energy using ATP and NADPH |
Linear electron flow
Linear electron flow-primary pathway, involves both photosystems and produces ATP and NADPH using light energy |
A Photosystem
Photosystem- reaction-center complex surrounded by light harvesting complexes |
Primary electron acceptor-reaction center accepts an electron from chlorophyll A |
Photosystem II (functions first)-best at absorbing wavelength of 680 nm |
Photosystem I (functions second)-best at absorbing wavelength of 700 nm |
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C3 Plants
Most common and the most efficient at photosynthesis in cool, wet climates |
C4 Plants
Minimize photorespiration by incorporating CO2 into 4 carbon compounds in mesophyll cells |
Requires PEP carboxylase (has a higher affinity for CO2 than O2) |
CAM Plants
Open stomata at night, incorporating CO2 into organic acids and used in the calvin cycle |
Importance of Photosynthesis
Energy entering chloroplasts as sunlight gets stored as chemical energy in organic compounds |
Plants store excess sugar as starch in structures such as roots, tubers, seeds, fruits |
Produces O2 in our atmosphere |
Importance of Photosynthesis
Energy entering chloroplasts as sunlight gets stored as chemical energy in organic compounds |
Cyclic Electron Flow
Uses only PS 1 and produces ATP but not NADPH |
Generates surplus ATP, satisfying higher demand for calvin cycle |
May protect cells from light induced damage |
The Nature of Sunlight
Light is a form of electromagnetic energy that travels in rhythmic waves |
Wavelength-distance between crests of waves |
Wavelength determines the type of electromagnetic energy |
Electromagnetic Spectrum- entire range of electromagnetic energy or radiation |
Visible light-wavelengths that produce colors we can see |
Photons- discrete particles light consists of |
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