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Lobes of the brain + intracranial disorders
Types of Intracranial disorders
Cerebrovascular damage |
Haemorrhage |
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Infarction |
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Aneurysms |
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Blood disorders |
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Arteriovenous Malformations |
Haematomas |
Intradural |
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Extradural |
Intracranial Tumours |
Benign |
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Malignant |
Intracranial infection |
Abscess |
Post trauma |
Concussion |
Tumours
Supratentorial Tumours |
Infratentorial Tumours |
Raised ICP + brain shift S&S |
Raised ICP + brain shift S&S |
Tentorial herniation then tonsillar herniation |
S&S of CSF outflow blockage |
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Causes tonsilliar herniation |
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VI Nerve Palsy - BS pushed downwards, stretches VI nerve over petrous tip Unreliable sign |
Extradural haematoma:
Pushes on hemisphere sideways under Falx, downwards through tentorium
Stretches CN III over edge of the tentorium - unilateral III nerve palsy reliable sign
Occipital Lobe Functional areas
Visual Association areas |
Main Visual cortex |
Calcarine fissure (medially in right hemisphere) |
Occipital Lobe Lesions
Seizures with flashing light Aura |
Visual Field Defects |
Dyslexia |
Visual Agnosia (cannot recognise visual information) |
Parietal lobe Lesions (EITHER)
Sensory Seizures |
Soft Motor signs |
Visual pathway Disturbance |
Postural Sensation disturbed |
Decreased Passive Joint Movement Sense |
Touch Localisation Disturbed |
2 pt Discrimination disturbed |
Appreciation of size + texture Disturbed |
Perceptual Rivalry |
Altered Optokinetc nystagmus |
Perceptual Rivalry: When presented with two images, instead of them being superimposed, the images appear separately
Optokinetic nystagmus: Following an object when stationary (larger visual field, occulomotor response and directs image onto the retina, compared to small moving visual objects, directs image onto fovea in smooth pursuit)
Parietal Lobe Lesions (RIGHT & LEFT)
RIGHT |
LEFT |
Anosognosia - no longer aware of opposite side |
Confusion of right and left limb |
Dyspraxia - loss of acquired skills |
Finger agnosia |
Disturbance of Geographic Memory |
Acalculia |
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Agraphia |
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Wernickes dysphagia |
Werknicke's dysphagia- loss of production/comprehension of spoken &/or written language (acquired)
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Frontal Lobe
Functional areas: |
Olfactory Bulb, tract + optic nerve |
Frontal Poles |
Cingulate Gyrus |
Frontal eye fields |
Corticol control of micturition (urination) |
Corpus Callosum |
Motor cortexes |
Rolandic fissure (fissure between occupital + frontal lobe) |
Sylvian Fissue (fissure between temporal + frontal lobe) |
Broca's area |
Frontal lobe Lesions:
Loss of drive |
Apathy |
Decreasing concern about personal appearance, hygiene, family affairs, business |
Memory problems |
Diminished intellect |
Epilepsy |
Focal, motor |
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Adversive (includes eyes) |
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Status Epilepticus (seizure lasting 10 minutes or more) |
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Possible Temporal lobe attacks due to its close proximity |
Frontal lobe - personality, acquired social behaviour
More Symptoms
Weakness on opposite side of face and/body |
If parasagittal, legs are affected bilaterally |
Loss of micturition (urge incontinence) |
Speech Disturbance - Dysphagia (Broca's) |
Visual Disturbance - in visual and or acuity |
Alteration in smell |
Signs
Intellectual impairment |
Memory Defect |
+ve Grasp Reflex |
Contralateral UMNL signs |
Unilateral anosmia |
Visual pathway deficits |
Dysphasic signs |
Temporal Lobe functional areas:
Unicinate fasciculus (connects uncus to orbital frontal cortex) |
Hippocampus |
Uncus |
Inferior longitudinal fasciculus (to visual association areas) |
Motor fibres entering cerebral peduncles |
Temporal Lobe Lesions
Epileptic - complex partial seizures "on/off" |
Complex Autonomisms : |
Lipping |
Sucking |
Kissing |
Repeated fiddling with clothing |
Walking/driving then "waking up" |
Prodromes: |
Visual/auditory/smells/taste hallucinations |
Unpleasant visceral sensations |
"Something awful is about to happen" |
Deja vu |
Jamais vu |
Deja vu:- described as a strong sensation that a current event has happened/occurred before
Jamais vu: - opposite to deja vu. Something that has happened in a person's life but they have the feeling it happened for the first time.
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Comments
great cheat sheet. quick question: do you know how to delete/erase/remove DRAFT cheat sheets. i.e. sheet that I dont want to publish and want to remove them from my DRAFT sheets.
Thank you!
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