Anatomy Chapter 36 BIO Cheat Sheet Cheat Sheet by Sahasra M

- supports the body, protects internal organs, provides for movement, stores mineral reserves, and provides a site for blood cell formation
- bones protect organs; ex: skull protects brain
- bones provide a system of levers (rigid rods) on which muscles act to produce movement
- bones contain reserves of minerals, calcium salts
- blood cells are produced in marrow tissue
- 206 bones
- bones divided into:
1. axial skeleton: supports central axis of body (skull, vertebral collumn, rib cage)
2. append­icular skeleton: (arms, legs, pelvis, shoulder)

- bones are a solid network on living cells and protein fibers that are surrounded by deposits of calcium salts
- perios­teum: a tough layer of connective tissue that surrounds the bone (blood vesses that pass thru carry oxygen & nutrients to bone)
- beneath periosteum is a thick layer of compact bone
Haversian canals: a network of tubes running thru the compact bone that contains blood vessels & nerves
- spongy bone: a large dense tissue found inside the outer layer of the compact bone (adds strength w/o mass)
- bone cells:
1. osteoc­ytes: mature bone cells (in bone matrix)
2. osteoc­lasts: break down bone (in Haversial canals)
3. ostebl­asts: produce bone (in Haversial canals)
- bone marrow: soft tissue within bone cavities
1. yellow marow: fat cells
2. red marrow: red blood cells, some white blood cells, & platelets

- cartilage: connective tissue that a skeleton of a ne mbryo is almost entirely composed of
- made up of tough collagen & flexible elastin
- relies on the diffusion of nutrients from surrou­nding tiny blood vessels b/c does not contain blood vessels
- dense, fiborous, supports weight, flexible
- ossifi­cation: when cartilage is replaced by bone
- happens several months before birth
- long bones have bone plates wehre growth of cartilage causes bones to lengthen
- ones bones r completely ossified you stop growing
- cartilage found in ears, tip of nose, ribs

- joint: place where one bone attatches to another
- depending on its type of movement, a joint is classified as immovable, slightly movable, or freely movable
- immovable: fixed joints, interl­oched; ex: bones in skull
- slightly movable: restricted movement, joints seperated; ex: joints btwn lower leg & vertabrae
- freely: movement in one or more direct­ions:
1. hinge joints: back & forth
2. pivot: rote around
3. saddle: slide in 2 directions

- cartilage covers bones where they move against each other -> prevents damage
- ligaments: strip of connective tissue that holds bones together
- synovial fluid: enables the surfaces of the joint to slide over each other smoothly
- small sacs of synovial fluid called bursa form
they reduce friction btwn bones

- excessive strain -> inflam­mation
- arthritis (infla­mmation of joint)
- ostepo­rosis

- there are three different types of muscle tissue: skeletal, smooth, & cardiac

- skeletal: ussually attatched to bones
- voluntary movements
- have altren­ating light & dark bands called striations
- consci­ously controlled by the nervous system
- large, have many nuclei, & 1-30 cm
- have muscle fibers, tissues, blood vessels, & nerves

- smooth: hollow struct­ures, blood vessels, intest­ines; ex: stomach
- no voluntary control
- moe food, blood circul­ation, & decrease size of pupils in light
- smooth muscle cells r connected by gap junctions that allow direct electric impulses

- cordiac: heart
- straited, 1 or 2 nucleus
- connected by jap junctions

- muscle fibers are composed of myofibrils
- each myofibril is made up of 7 filaments
- thick filaments contain protein called myosin
- thin filaments contain protein called actin
- filaments are arranged in sacrom­eres, which are spereted by Z lines
- a muscle contracts when the thin filamnets in the muscle fiber slide over the thick filaments
- when muscle resting -> no filaments in sacromere
- cross bridge must form for msucle to contract
- energy for muscle contra­ction is supplied by ATP

- motor nuerons control contra­ction of skeletal muscles
- nuerom­uscular junction: point of contact btwn motor nueron & skeletal muscle cell
- vesicles or pockets in axon terminals of motor nuerons release a nuerot­ran­smitter called acetyl­choline
- acetyl­choline molecules diffue across synapse -> produce an impulse -> produce calcium -> muscle contracts

- muscles are joined by tough connective tissue called tendons
- tendons pull on bones like levers
- joints are the fixed point around which the lever moves like fructions
- the muscle provides the force to move lever
- skeletal muscles work in opposing pairs
- muscle contracts -> joint relaxes

- regular exercise is important in mainta­ining muscular strength and flexib­ility
- excersise -> more actin & myosin filaments -> strong muscles & bones
- no exercise -> small muscles, weak bones

- integu­mentary system serves as a barier against infection & injury, regulates body temp, removes waste products, & protects against uv
- skin is made of: epidermin & dermis
- epidermis: outer layer of the skin
1. outer layer: dead cells
2. inner layer: make keratin
- epidermis contains melano­cytes; diff amounts of melano­cytes
- dermis: inner layer of skin
- mantains homeos­tasis by regulating body temp
- blood vessels narrow or widen
- uv -> skin cancer
- dermis contains: sweat glands & sebaceous (oil glands)

- hair prevents dirt from getting in
- hair protects scalp against uv
- hair follicles: tubelike pockets of epidermal cells that extend and grow into the dermis
- hair follicles r in contact with sebaceous glands, which help mantain condition of individual hair
- nails grow from area of rapidly dividing cells called nail root
- nails grow 3 mm/month