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OutlineGlycolysis Is an Energy-Conversion Pathway in Many organisms | The Glycolytic Pathway Is Tightly Controlled | Glucose Can Be Synthesized from Non-carbohydrate Precursors | Gluconeogenesis and Glycolysis Are Reciprocally Regulated |
Glycolysisthe sequence of reactions that metabolizes one molecule of glucose to two molecules of pyruvate with the concomitant net production of two molecules of ATP. | Glycolysis is an ancient pathway employed by a host of organisms. | This process is anaerobic (i.e., it does not require O2), in as much as it evolved before the accumulation of substantial amounts of oxygen in the atmosphere. | Pyruvate can be further processed anaerobically to lactate or ethanol. | Under aerobic conditions(need O2), pyruvate can be completely oxidized to CO2, generating much more ATP. | Position of glycolysis: cytoplasm |
| | Glucose generated from dietary Carbohydrates
GlycolysisStage 1: conversion of glucose into fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, and cleavage into two three-carbon fragments; | stage 2: ATP is generated when the three carbon fragments are oxidized to pyruvate. |
| | Diverse fates of pyruvate
Significance of glycolysisFermentations provide usable energy in the absence of oxygen | - obligate anaerobes: Clostridium tetani (破傷風杆菌), Clostridium botulinum (肉毒杆菌) | - intense exercise | - food industry: sour cream, yogurt, various cheeses, beer, wine, and sauerkraut |
Maintaining redox balanceThe NADH produced by the glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase reaction must be reoxidized to NAD+ for the glycolytic pathway to continue. In alcoholic fermentation, alcohol dehydrogenase oxidizes NADH and generates ethanol. In lactic acid fermentation (not shown), lactate dehydrogenase oxidizes NADH while generating lactic acid. |
Glycolysis of other hexoses
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