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grade 10: biology: finals cheat sheet: control and coordination :
parts of brain
PARTS OF BRAIN |
SUB DIVISIONS |
THEIR FUNCTION |
Fore brain |
(i)cerebrum
(ii) lobes
(iii) three areas
a) sensory area b) motor area c) association area |
main thinking and largest part of the brain
(a) sensory area: receive impulses from the sense organs via receptors
(b) motor area: send impulses to various organs or muscles and control voluntary movements
(c)association area: Register impressions and respond by interpreting past experiences
(iii)each cerebral hemisphere is divided into
a)occipital lobe visual reception b)temporal lobe auditory reception c)parietal lobe: touch, smell, temperature, and conscious association d)frontal lobe: muscular activities |
Mid brain |
|
connects forebrain and hind brain. controls reflex involving eyes and ears |
hind brain |
(i) cerebellum
(ii) Pons
(iii) Medulla oblongata |
(i)cerebellum: controls and coordinates muscular movements, maintaining body posture and equilibrium
(ii) pons: acts as a bridge. relays information between cerebrum and cerebellum
(iii) medulla :controls involuntary actions |
|
tropism
TROPISM |
IN RESPONSE TO |
THE FUNCTION |
POSITIVE RESPONSE |
NEGATIVE RESPONSE |
phototropism |
light |
Ensures plant gets as much as light as possible. stem tip grows in the direction of light. |
growth towards light i.e growth of stem |
growth away from light i.e is roots |
geotropism |
gravity |
Response of organism to gravity. |
growth towards gravitational pull i.e growth of roots |
growth away from the gravitational pull i.e growth of shoots |
chemotropism |
chemicals |
response to chemicals e.g pollen tube grows towards a chemical produced by the ovule during fertilisation |
pollen tubes growth towards ovule |
stem shows negative chemotropism |
hydrotropism |
moisture |
growth of roots towards damper areas of soil towards water in soil |
growth towards water i.e roots |
growth away from moisture i.e stem |
thigmotropism |
touch |
response to touch or solid surface |
response towards touch i.e tendrils and other climbing part's growth |
response away from touch i.e growth of roots underneath the soil. when rock hit is it grows away from the rock |
|
plant hormones
PLANT HORMONES |
FUNCTION |
SITE |
IT'S OPPOSITE |
Auxin |
-promotes cell elongation in shoots |
produced in shoots |
cytokinin |
cytokinin |
-promotes cell division |
mainly present in seeds and fruits |
auxin |
gibberellins |
-help in growth of vegetative (like stem...) growth |
present in young leaves etc |
abscisic acid |
abscisic acid |
-inhibits growth and induces witling of leaves |
thought out the plant |
gibberellins |
ethylene |
-helps in ripening of fruits |
throughtout the plant |
|
endocrine glands
GLAND |
SECRETION |
HORMONE FUNCTION |
Pituitary gland |
growth hormone |
regulates growth |
Hypothalamus |
releasing hormone |
regulates the secretion of hormones by pituitary gland |
Thyroid |
thyroxine |
regulates metabolism for body growth {controls metabolic rates of carbohydrates, fats and proteins ) |
Adrenal |
adrenaline |
increase heart beat rate, blood pressure |
Pancreas |
(i) insulin
(ii) glucagon |
(i)decrease blood glucose{{n}} (ii) increase blood sugar level |
Ovary |
(i)estrogen
(ii) progesterone |
development of female sex organs , regulates menstrual cycle etc |
Testis |
testosterone |
regulates the male secondary sexual characteristics |
Thymus |
thymosin |
produces immunity |
Parathyroid |
(i)calcitonin
(II) parathormone |
(i)lowers blood calcium level
(ii) increases blood calcium level and decreases blood phosphate level |
Pineal |
melatonin |
stimulates muscle contraction |
|
neuron
the junction between neurons is called synapse
the information is acquired at the end of the dendritic tip of a nerve cell, setting off a chemical reaction that creates an electrical impulse. this impulse travels from the dendrite to the cell body and then along the axon to its end. at the end of the axon, the electrical impulse sets off the release of some chemicals which travel across the synapse. and starts similar electrical impulses in next cell
|
|
reflex arc
Reflex arc:the nerve path involved in a reflex action for quick response is a reflex arc
brain
cerebrospinal fluid and cranium protect the brain. it is covered with three membranes. the space between the membrane is called meninges
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