Final Exam Study Guide Cheat Sheet by melyzarevalo

1) Ingestion - intake of food 2) Digestion - breaks down into usable forms 3) Absorp­tions - uptake nutrients into blood (or lymph) 4) Compaction - consol­idate indige­stible material, absorb water 5) Defecation - eliminate waste (feces)

The digestive tract is a muscular tube extending from mouth to anus.

Accessory Digestive organs are the teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbl­adder, and pancreas. Accessory Organ is a smaller organ associated with or embedded in another and performing a related function.

The layers of the digestive tract wall are the (in order from the inner to the outer surface) 1) Mucosa 2) Submucosa 3) Muscularis externa 4) serosa­/ad­ven­titia

Mucosa consists of an epithe­lium, a loose CT layer called the lamina propria, and thin layer of smooth muscles called the muscularis mucosae. It also lines the lumen.

Submucosa is a thicker layer of loose CT containing blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, a nerve plexus, and mucous glands. It protects, support, & secretes.

Muscularis externa has 2 layers of muscle, (1) Inner - circular, (2) Outer - longit­udinal. The muscularis externa is respon­sible for perist­alsis and other movements that mix food and digestive enzymes & propel material through the tract.

Serosa­/Ad­ven­titia is composed of a thin layer of areolar tissue topped by a simple squamous mesoth­elium. It sheet of Fibrous CT, found in the pharynx, esophagus (most of it), & rectum.

Enteric Nervous System is the largest collection of neurons & neuroglia outside the CNS, residing within the wall of the digestive tact and primarily regulating local gut reflexes involved in gastro­int­estinal (GI) motility & fluid transport.

It is within the walls of alimentary canal & structures involve (1) Submucosal plexus & (2) Myenteric plexus.

Perito­neum: a serous membrane that lines the peritoneal cavity of the abdomen and covers the mesent­eries & viscera. Peritoneal cavity is potential space between the parietal & visceral perito­neum, contains peritoneal fluid.

Mesent­eries: fold of perito­neum, a serous membrane that binds the intestine together & suspends them from the abdominal wall. Mesent­eries (1) Hold organs in proper position, (2) Allow movement (w/ reduced friction), & (3) Provide passag­e/s­upport for blood vessels, nerves, lymph vessels, lymph nodes.

Retrop­eri­toneal: is behind the peritoneal cavity, involve duodenum, pancreas, parts of large intest­ines. Intrap­eri­toneal: within peritoneal cavity, involve stomach, liver, parts of small & large intest­ines.

Oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, anus, outer body.

Site of ingestion, mastic­ation (mecha­nical breakd­own), chemical breakdown (salivary glands), swallowing (& manipu­lat­ion), speech & respir­ation.

The mouth involves lips (labia), oral fissure, & cheeks. Functions: Speech, sucking, blowing, manipulate food for chewing, fauces (posterior opening).

Palate is superior border of the mouth (roof), hard palate, soft palate, uvula, separates nasal & oral cavities. Why we can chew & breath

Functions: (1) Maneuvers food, (2) Compresses food into bolus, (3) Sensory - taste, temp., texture. Involves Lingual papillae w/ taste buds and how we judge food. (4) Speech

composed of skeletal muscles, it is attached to skull & hyoid. The surface contains stratified squamous epithe­lium. Contains Lingual papillae (house taste buds) & Lingual frenulum.

Teeth (denti­tion), function: Mastic­ation. Adults - 32 teeth, Maxillae - 16 teeth, & Mandible - 16 teeth. There are 4 types: Incisors (anter­ior), Canines, Premolars, Molars. 2 sets: Deciduous (20) & Permanent (32).

Pharynx: muscular funnel that connects the oral cavity to the esophagus & the nasal cavity to the larynx.

(1) Nasoph­arynx, (2) Oropha­rynx, (3) Laryng­oph­arynx

only air passage way

receives food & air from mouth, involved in swallo­wing.

where both food & air pass, helps guide food.

muscular tube to move food.

2 sphincters (1) upper (pharynx), (2) Lower esophageal sphincter. It opens to stomach at cardial orifice.

(1) Storag­e-T­emp­orary ~ 4hrs, (2) Mech. Digestion - Churn food to chyme, (3) Chem. Digestion - Starts breakdown of proteins - Acid & Enzymes.

J-shaped expansion, Greater Curvature, Lesser Curvature, Very Extens­ible, Rugae

(1) Cardia (2) Fundus (3) Body (4) Pyloric part, pylorus, & pyloric sphincter

Layers of the stomach wall 1) Mucosa 2) Submucosa 3) Muscularis externa 4) Serosa

secrete mucus (unknown role)

H & Cl

Pepsinogen & lipase

Hormone secreting cells, ex. gastrin

Folds of mucosa & submucosa, contains muscularis externa. Has 3 layers (a) Oblique layer (mixing), (b) circular layer, & (c) Longit­udinal layer

Most digestion, Enzymatic digestion, Almost all absorp­tion! & Nutrient absorption

duodenum, jejunum, & Ileum.

Receives chyme from stomach, Curves around pancreas, Internally - circular folds (plicae circul­ares). Promotes mixing, digestion, absorption

Circular folds, Well vascul­arized & Muscular

Lesser muscul­ar/­vas­cul­arized, Fewer/­smaller folds, Ileocecal junction (cecal- cecum) & End of SI

Mucosa - absorp­tion, involve Circular folds (plicae circul­ares), Entero­cytes - absorptive cells, Microvilli (brush border) - SA & enzymes,

-Submu­cosa: Plicae circul­ares, Duodenal Glands, Secrete basic (alkaline mucus). Muscul­aries externa: Circular - thick, Longit­udinal - thin.

Most nutrients: Entero­cytes --> capill­aries --> liver. Fats: Entero­cytes --> lacteals --> circul­atory system.

(1) Little bit of digestion (2) Absorb water & salts! (3) Eliminate waste (feces) Defecation Food remains here ~ 12-24 hrs

Four Major regions: (1) Cecum, Appendix (2) Colon (3) Rectum (4) Anal canal

1st potion, sac-like, Appendix, Bacterial storage.

Involve: Ascending, Transv­erse, Descen­ding, & Sigmoid. Function: absorbs remaining water/­ele­ctr­olytes.

Function: storage site for waste (feces), lacks tenia coli but has well developed muscle. Involve rectal valves - transverse folds of mucosa.

final region, outside of abdomi­nop­elvic cavity (in perineum). Function: waste remova­l/c­ont­inence.

Mucosa - simple columnar epithelium -Colon­ocytes (enter­ocytes) -Goblet cells -Intes­tinal glands (crypts) -No folds, villi ~For absorption (mostly water) -Submucosa -Lots of lymphoid tissue -Muscu­laris externa -Taeniae coli & Serosa

Because there are many colono­cytes for absorp­tion.

Ileum (last region)

Small intestine

Liver, Gall Bladder, & Pancreas

Metabolic: Pick up/store glucose, Process fats & amino acids, Detoxify blood

consist of 2 Primary lobes, right (large) & left (smaller), there are 2 smaller lobes: Quadrate & Caudate.

Inferior to diaphragm, right hypoch­ondriac & epigas­tric, URQ

Hepato­cytes - liver cells, Hepatic lobule, Hepato­cytes radiate out from central vein, Sinusoids. Hepatic arterioles & Portal venules: at edges of lobules

Venule­/ar­teriole --> sinusoids --> Central vein --> Hepatic Veins --> IVC

secreted by hepato­cytes, carried to small intestine or gall bladder. Function: Emulsifies fats.

Hepato­cytes --> bile canaliculi --> bile ductules --> hepatic ducts -> common hepatic duct -> common bile duct (to small intestine or gall bladder)

Lipids

A muscular sac located depression in right lobe on visceral surface and it stores bile.

Bile flow: cystic duct + common hepatic duct, bile duct --> duodenum

spongy­/no­dular gland, located posterior to stomach, & produce pancreatic juices called enzymes during digestion, helps the digestive system by making hormones.

Exocrine gland (diges­tive): Acinar cells - secrete digestive enzymes & bicarb­onate, acini -> ducts -> main pancreatic duct, Accessory pancreatic duct

Endocrine (no ducts), Secretes hormones, Pancreatic islets (islets of langer­hans), Regulate glucose levels

Gallbl­adder, pancreas, liver & stomach

(1) Excretion (filter & remove), (2) Regulate water output (3) Regulate acid-base balance (pH) (4) Synthesis & secretion.

Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, & urethra

place an image

Glomerular capsule (filtrate) -> PCT -> Nephron loop -> DCT -> Collecting Ducts -> Papilla of pyramids (papillary ducts) -> Minor Calyx -> Major Calyx -> Renal Pelvis -> Ureters -> Urinary Bladder

the functional unit of kidney

remove waste, regulates solutes in blood, regulate pH

(1) Superf­icial cortical nephrons, which have their glomeruli in the outer cortex (2) Juxtam­edu­llary nephron,which have their glomeruli near the cortic­ome­dullary border

(1) Renal corpuscle (2) Renal tubule

site of filtration

site of reabso­rption & secretion

(1) Glomerular Filtra­tion: Creates a plasma like filtrate of the blood (2) Tubular reabso­rption: removes useful solutes from the tubular fluid, returns them to the blood (3) Tubular Secretion: Removes additional wastes from the blood, adds them to the tubular fluid (4) Water Conser­vation: Removes water from the urine & returns it to blood; concen­trates wastes

Is a specia­lized cell, formed by the distal convoluted tubule and the glomerular afferent arteriole. Its main function is to regulate BP, monitor fluid entering DCT, & adjust perfor­mance of nephron.

it's waste from metabolism throughout the body

Renal cortex

arcuate vein & artery

Fenest­rated

into the renal tubules

Glomerular capsule

PCT, Nephron loop, DCT

bloods­tream (& inters­titial tissue)

Juxtam­edu­llary (next to medulla, have long nephron loops)

Slender hollow tubes, they carry urine from kidneys to urinary bladder.

3 layers of the wall: (1) Mucosa: transi­tional epi. (2) Muscul­aris: 2-3 layer (3) Adventitia

extensible muscular sac, functions: store & expel urine

3 layers related to function: (1) Mucosa: Transi­tional epi., rugae (like stomach) (2) Detrusor: thick smooth muscle layer (3) Parietal perito­neu­m/a­dve­ntitia

thin-w­alled tube (inner mucosa, outer smooth muscle), function: drains urine from the bladder --> out of the body

Shorter, Function: carry urine of the body, External urethral orifice, Anterior to vaginal orifice, Posterior to clitoris

3 regions: (1) Prostatic (2) Membranous (3) Spongy, function: carries urine & semen out of the body. Detrusor, Smooth muscle, External urethral sphincter, Skeletal muscle, Within pelvic floor, Males: Internal urethral sphincter

gonads: testes & ovaries

vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbou­rethral (Cowper's) glands.

Produce sperm & produce androgens - testos­terone, housed in scrotum

pouch of skin & muscle outside body cavity, contains testes & spermatic cord, functions: regulate the temper­ature of the testes.

scrotum, testes, epidid­ymis, vas deferens, prostate, and seminal vesicles.

Posterior & lateral side of testes, comma shaped, duct of epidid­ymis, sperm matura­tio­n/s­torage.

functions: transport sperm, travels from epididymis to ejacul­atory duct, ampulla of ductus deferens.

Semini­ferous tubules → rete testis → efferent ductules → epididymis → ductus deferens → ejacul­atory ducts → urethra

seminal vesicle, prostate, & Bulbou­rethral

Secrete seminal fluid: Facilitate sperm transport & Promote successful Fertil­ization

Function: deliver semen to female reprod­uctive tract, Gross Anatomy: Root, Body (shaft), Glans penis, Prepuce (foreskin)

vagina, uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries

They are the mons pubis (also called the mons veneris), the labia majora and minora, the clitoris, the vestibule of the vagina, the bulb of the vestibule, and the greater vestibular glands

paired, almond size, Function: produce ova. Microa­natomy: Cortes (outer), Oogenesis, Oocytes (eggs), Follicles, medulla (inner), & Loose CT, vessels, nerves.

an ovarian follicle is a fluid-­filled sac that contains an immature egg, or oocyte

vagina, uterus, fallopian tubes, cervix, and ovary

(1) Uterine tube function: receiv­e/move oocyte from ovary -> uterus & size of fertil­iza­tion. (2) Uterus: hollow, thick walled, function: receive, support, & nourish fertilized egg/em­bryo. (3) Cervix: uterine wall (4) Vagina: Muscular canal, function: birth canal & receives penis during interc­ourse.

(1) Greater vestibular Gland (bartholin gland): production of a mucoid secretion that aids in vaginal and vulvar lubric­ation (2) Lesser vestibular Gland:­secrete a substance to lubricate the urethra opening

mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora, Bartholin glands, and clitoris. The area containing these organs is called the vulva. The external genital organs have three main functions: Enabling sperm to enter the body

The external female genitalia serves the purposes of reprod­uction and urination