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A brief explanation for psychologists in the following units: issues and debates, relatioinships, schizophrenia, aggression.
Issues and DebatesFREUD | alpha bias e.g. (theory of moral development), psychic determinism e.g. (unconscious conflicts repressed in childhood) | MILGRAM | beta bias e.g. (only male participants) | VAN IJZENDOORN & KROONENBURG | consider culture in conclusion | AINSWORTH | strange situation = ethnocentric, imposed etic | DESCARTES | born equipped with understanding of key concepts | LOCKE | tubula rosa (blank slate) | GESTALT psychologists | whole greater than the sum of it's parts | RADFORD & KIRBY | general principles of laws | SKINNER | establishing principles e.g. (operant conditioning) | EYESENCK | establishing dimensioins e.g. (personality measurement) | RAINE | e.g. of social sensitivity |
Issues and Debates EvaluationBOWLBY | attachment research conducted on mothers => consequences | TAKANO & OSAKA | comparing USA & Japan | AINSWORTH | attachment types = culturally relative | EKMAN | facial expressions universal | SOON et al | press button? know 10 secs before aware |
RelationshipsALTMAN & TAYLOR | social penetration theory | DION et al | attractive people ratedas kind, strong & successful | WALSTER et al | matching hypothesis | KERCKHOFF & DAVIS | filter theory | THIBAULT & KELLEY | social exchange theory | WALSTER et al | equity theory | RUSBULT | investment model | DUCK | phase model | SPROULL & KIESLER | reduced cues theory | WALTHER | hyperpersonal model | MCKENNA & BERGH | absence of gating | MALTBY et al | levels of parasocial relationships | MCCUTCHEON | absorption-addiction model | BOWLBY | attachment theory explanation (early attachment) | AINSWORTH | attachment theory (insecure-resistant=more likely) |
Relationships EvaluationBUSS | survey -> emphasis on characteristics diff. between males and females | CLARK & HATFIELD | q: 'i find you attractive, would you go to bed with me tonight?' | SINGH | 0.7 waist to hip ratio indicates fertility | MILLER et al | lap dance study | SPRECHER & HENDRICK | rel. satisfaction and self-disclosure | TANG et al | china -> self-disclosure less likely to => rel. satisfaction | DUCK | phase model | PALMER & PETERSON | physically attractive rated more politically knowledgeable & competent | TOWHEY | sexist belief => more likely desire phy. att. | WALSTER et al | preferred more phy. att. | FEINGOLD | similarity between ratings of att. in actual couples | KERCKHOFF & DAVIS | short and long-term importance in filters | WINCH | similarity typical to beginning attraction | LEVINGER | social change prevented replication | ANDERSON et al | older partners = diff. filter order | CLARK & MILLS | exchange & communal rel. | WALSTER et al | equity theory | UTNE et al | survey, equitable = more satisfied | AUMER-RYAN et al | cultural influences (individualistic & collectivist) | HUSEMAN et al | benevolents | LE & AGNEW | greatest commitment => most stable, long- lasting | RUSBULT | commited 'battered' women more likely return | GOODFRIEND & AGNEW | invest in future plans | ROLLIE & DUCK | added resurrection | AKERT | person who initiates sufferers less | KELLIN | gender diff. in late phases | WALTHER & TIDWELL | non verbal cues not absent but diff. | PAINE et al | self disclosure depends on type of CMC | WHITTY & JOINSON | online q = more direct, intimate | MCKENNA & BARGH | lonely & socially anxious people able too express true selves | MALTBY et al | link: celebrity worship & body image in girls | MCCUTCHEON et al | insecure attachments no more likely to form parasocial rel. | SCHMID & KLIMMT | similar attachment to Harry Potter in individualist & collectivist culture |
| | SchizophreniaGOTTESMAN | genetic similarity correlates with sz | RIPKE et al | 108 separate genetic variations | JUCKEL et al | negative correlation between ventral striatum activity and overall negative symptoms | ALLEN et al | auditory hallucinations = lower superior temporal gyrus & anterior cingulate gyrus activity | FROMM-REICHMANN | schizophrenogenic mothers | BATESON et al | double-bind theory | FRITH et al | metarepresentation, central control | PHARAOH et al | family therapy strategies | MEEHL | original diathesis-stress model |
Schizophrenia EvaluationCHENIAUX et al | poor inter-rater reliability in diagnosing | ROSENHAN | being sane in insane places | COTTON et al | males diagnosed more often | BUCKEY et al | 50% diagnosed with sz & depression | TIENARI et al | adopted children still at risk | MELTZER et al | clozapine more effective than typical | GOLDMAN-RAKIC et al | low dopamine in pre-frontal cortex => sz | READ et al | 69% women = history of abuse | JAUHAR et al | CBT = small significance | PHARAOH et al | family theapy = moderately effective | TIENARI et al | diathesis = genes & trauma |
AggressionGOSPIC et al | ultimate game | MANN et al | dexenfluramine | KLINESMITH et al | pellet gun/mouse trap => chilli sause | COCCARO et al | twin study -> concordance in physical agg. | RHEE & WALDMAN | adoption study -> genetic more prominent | BRUNNER et al | Brunner syndrome in Dutch family | TINBERGEN | stickleback fish models | WILSON & DALY | mate retention strategies | SHACKLEFORD et al | correlation: men using retention strategies & women reporting violence | DOLLARD et al | frustration-aggression | GEEN | jigsaw puzzle | BANDURA | social learning theory | BANDURA et al | bobo doll study | ZIMBARDO | de-individuation -> part of crowd | PRENTICE-DUNN & ROGERS | private & public self-awareness | DODD | not responsible, do anything? | IRWIN & CRESSEY | dispositional explanation/ importation model | DELISI et al | juvenile delinquents imported diff. characteristics, correlation: played violent games & agg. behaviour | CLEMMER | situational explanation/ deprivation model | STEINER | inmate violence more common with diff. types of people | BARTHOLOW & ANDERSON | experiment: violent vs non-violent game | ROBERTSON et al | longitudinal: TV = predict agg. | KRAHE et al | desensitisation: arousal with violent or non-violent film | FISCHER & GREITEMEYER | songs derogatory towrds women |
Aggression EvaluationRAINE | APD = less grey matter | RAYLEIGH et al | vervet monkeys - diet high in tryptophan | CASES et al | genetically engineered mice | COOPER | FAP universal in pit vipers | NESBITT | southern US more agg. when insulted | BUSHMAN | vented agg. => more agg. | BERKOWITZ | jealousy, pain & loneliness can => agg., frustration creates readiness | PHILLIPS | increased violence in week following a major boxing match | JOHNSON & DOWNING | KKK most electric shocks, nurses least | GERGEN et al | dark room study | FRANCIS et al | internet violence | HARER & STEFFENSMEIER | inmates: black-> violence, white-> drug abuse | DILULIO | administrative control model (ACM) | HENSLEY et al | allowed prison visits & sexual contact | PRZYBYLSKI et al | complexity = confounding variable | FREUD | viewing agg. release agg. impulses | BERKOWITZ & ALIOTO | film showing agg. as vengeance (justified) | FISCHER & GREITEMEYER | negative lyrics against males |
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