Anatomy vs. Physiology
anatomy: structure of an organism (what does it look like?) |
physiology: function of an organism (what does it do?) |
Human Body Systems
digestive |
immune |
circulatory |
integumentary |
nervous |
lymphatic |
excretory |
reproductive |
respiratory |
endocrine |
skeletal |
muscular |
Excretory System
anatomy: |
physiology: |
kidneys |
1) removes waste products from cellular metabolism (urea, water, carbon dioxide) |
ureters |
2) filters blood |
bladder |
urethra |
lungs |
skin (sweat glands) |
liver (produces urea) |
Skeletal System
anatomy: |
physiology: |
bones |
1) protects organs |
cartilage |
2) provides shape, support |
ligaments |
3) stores materials (fats, minerals) |
| |
4) produces blood cells |
| |
5) allows movement |
Endocrine System
anatomy: |
physiology: |
glands (produce hormones) |
1) regulates body activities using hormones. slow response, long lasting |
~hypothalamus |
~pituitary |
~thyroid |
~thymus |
~adrenal |
~pancreas |
~ovaries |
~testes |
Reproductive System
anatomy: |
physiology: |
ovaries (produce eggs) |
1) allows organisms to reproduce which prevents their species from becoming extinct |
testes (produce sperm) |
Reproductive System Image
Negative Feedback
when the effector(s) activated by the control center oppose or eliminate stimulus |
ex) blood sugar regulation |
Negative Feedback Image (Blood Sugar Regulation)
Regional Terms: Posterior View
cephalic: head |
otic: ear |
occipital: back of head or base of skull |
acromial: point of shoulder |
vertebral: spinal column |
scapular: shoulder blade |
lumbar: loin |
brachial: arm |
olecranal: back of elbow |
dorsum/dorsal: back |
manus: hand |
sacral: between hips |
gluteal: buttock |
perineal: region between anus and external genitalia |
femoral: thigh |
popliteal: back of knee |
sural: calf |
calcaneal: heel |
plantar: sole |
Regional Terms: Posterior View Image
Inferior (Orientation and Directional Term)
also known as caudal |
away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below |
ex) the navel is inferior to the breastbone |
Inferior (Orientation and Directional Term) Image
Intermediate (Orientation and Directional Term)
between a more medial and a more lateral structure |
ex) the armpit is intermediate between the breastbone and shoulder |
Intermediate (Orientation and Directional Term) Im
Superficial (Orientation and Directional Term)
toward or at the body surface |
ex) the skin is superficial to the skeleton |
Superficial (Orientation and Directional Term) Img
Deep (Orientation and Directional Term)
away from the body surface; more internal |
ex) the lungs are deep to the rib cage |
Abdominopelvic Quadrants Image
Deep (Orientation and Directional Term) Image
CT
|
full name: computed tomography
|
|
how does it work? different tissues absorb the electromagnetic radiation in various amount
|
|
what does it show? shows cross sectional pictures of the body region scanned
|
|
when is it used? used to evaluate brain and abdominal problems without the need of exploratory surgery
|
MRI
|
full name: magnetic resonance imaging
|
|
how does it work? magnetic energy causes the spin of hydrogen molecules, and their energy is enhanced by radio waves; when the radio waves are turned off, energy is released and translated by a computer into a visual image
|
|
what does it show? dense structures do not show and soft tissue, like the the brain, can be evaluated
|
|
when is it used? to evaluate soft tissue, brain, intervertebral pads and cartilage to detect degenerative disease
|
|
|
Levels of Organization
atoms -> molecules -> macromolecules -> organelles -> cells -> tissues -> organs -> organ systems -> organism |
8 Necessary Life Functions (Human)
1) maintain boundaries: inside is separate from the outside |
2) movement: whole body and cellular level |
3) responsiveness/irritability: sense and respond to changes in the environment |
4) digestion: breaking down food to nutrients |
5) metabolism: breaking down and building molecules for energy |
6) excretion: remove wastes from the body |
7) reproduction: cellular or organismal level |
8) growth: cellular or organismal level |
Circulatory System
anatomy: |
physiology: |
heart |
1) transport materials to and from cells |
veins |
arteries |
capillaries |
blood |
Circulatory System Image
Respiratory System
anatomy: |
physiology: |
nose |
1) takes in oxygen and removes carbon dioxide and water |
trachea |
bronchi |
bronchioles |
alveoli |
lungs |
Respiratory System Image
Immune System
anatomy: |
physiology: |
white blood cells |
1) fights off foreign invaders in the body |
~T cells |
~B cells (produce antibodies) |
~macrophages |
skin |
Lymphatic System
anatomy: |
physiology: |
lymph (liquid part of blood - plasma, when it is in lymph vessels) |
1) stores and carries white blood cells that fight disease |
lymph vessels |
2) collects excess fluid and returns it to blood (second circulatory system - reaches places other one can't - between cells) |
lymph nodes |
contain white blood cells |
Positive Feedback
initial stimulus produces a response that exaggerates or enhances its effects; less common |
ex) labor and delivery |
Positive Feedback Image (Labor and Delivery)
The Language of Anatomy
special terminology is used to prevent misunderstandings |
exact terms are used for: |
~position |
~regions |
~direction |
~structures |
Superior (Orientation and Directional Term)
toward the head end or upper part of a structure of the body; above |
ex) the forehead is superior to the nose |
Superior (Orientation and Directional Term) Image
Anterior (Orientation and Directional Term)
also known as ventral |
toward or at the front of the body; in front of |
ex) the breastbone is anterior to the spine |
Anterior (Orientation and Directional Term) Image
Lateral (Orientation and Directional Term)
away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of |
ex) the arms are lateral to the chest |
Lateral (Orientation and Directional Term) Image
Distal (Orientation and Directional Term)
farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk |
ex) the knee is distal to the thigh |
Distal (Orientation and Directional Term) Image
fMRI
|
full name: functional magnetic resonance imaging
|
|
how does it work? follows blood flow in the brain in real time
|
|
what does it show? shows brain activity
|
|
when is it used? to diagnose brain disease; can not be used in the presence of metal in the body, pacemakers, and tooth fillings
|
PET Scan
|
full name: positron emission tomography
|
|
how does it work? requires an injection of short-lived radioisotopes that have been tagged to biological molecules (ie. glucose) in order to view metabolic processes
|
|
what does it show? provides insights into brain activity in people affected by mental illness, Alzheimer's disease, and epilepsy
|
|
when is it used? to diagnose areas of impairment in the brain
|
Body Cavities
dorsal body cavity |
ventral body cavity |
~cranial cavity (brain) |
~thoracic cavity (lungs) |
~spinal cavity (spinal cord) |
~abdominopelvic cavity |
| |
~~abdominal cavity (abdomen) |
| |
~~pelvic cavity (pelvis) |
|
|
Digestive System
anatomy: |
physiology: |
mouth |
1) take in food (ingestion) |
esophagus |
2) digest food into smaller molecules and absorb nutrients |
small intestine |
3) remove undigested food from body (feces) |
large intestine |
rectum |
anus |
salivary glands |
pancreas |
liver |
gallbladder |
Nervous System
anatomy: |
physiology: |
brain |
1) gathers and interprets information |
spinal cord |
2) responds to information |
nerves |
3) helps maintain homeostasis |
hypothalamus |
Muscular System
anatomy: |
physiology: |
cardiac muscle |
1) allows for movement by contracting |
smooth muscle |
skeletal muscle |
tendons |
Integumentary System
anatomy: |
physiology: |
skin |
1) barrier against infection (first line of defense) |
~epidermis |
2) helps regulate body temperature |
~dermis |
3) removes excretory waste (urea, water) |
~~sweat gland |
4) protects against sun's UV rays |
~~sebaceous gland |
5) produces vitamin D |
~~hair follicle |
~~blood vessels |
~~nerves |
Integumentary System Image
Homeostasis
"homeo-" = same |
"-stasis" = standing or status |
goal: to maintain a relatively constant internal environment |
Positive Feedback vs. Negative Feedback
Regional Terms: Anterior View
axial: head, neck, and trunk |
appendicular: appendages or limbs |
nasal: nose |
oral: mouth |
cervical: neck |
frontal: forehead |
orbital: eye |
buccal: cheek |
mental: chin |
acromial: point of shoulder |
axillary: armpit |
abdominal: abdomen |
sternal: breastbone |
thoracic: chest |
mammary: breast |
umbilical: naval (belly button) |
brachial: arm |
antecubital: front of elbow |
antebrachial: forearm |
carpal: wrist |
pollex: thumb |
palmar: palm |
digital: fingers |
coxal: hip |
pelvic: pelvis |
inguinal: groin |
pubic: genital region |
femoral: thigh |
patellar: anterior knee |
crural: leg |
fibular/peroneal: side of leg |
pedal: foot |
tarsal: ankle |
digital: toes |
hallux: big toe |
Regional Terms: Anterior View Image
Posterior (Orientation and Directional Term)
also known as dorsal |
toward or at the backside of the body; behind |
ex) the heart is posterior to the breastbone |
Posterior (Orientation and Directional Term) Image
Medial (Orientation and Directional Term)
toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of |
ex) the heart is medial to the arm |
Medial (Orientation and Directional Term) Image
Proximal (Orientation and Directional Term)
close to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk |
ex) the elbow is proximal to the wrist (elbow is closer to shoulder or attachment point of arm than wrist is) |
Proximal (Orientation and Directional Term) Image
Ultrasound
|
full name: ultrasonography
|
|
how does it work? high frequency sound waves is its energy source; the sound waves go through the tissues without harming them, and the echoes are recorded
|
|
what does it show? it shows visual images of body organs
|
|
when is it used? preferred method for fetal evaluation
|
Xray
|
full name: radiograph
|
|
how does it work? shadowy negative image of internal structures produced by directing electromagnetic waves of very short wavelength at the body
|
|
what does it show? best to visualize hard, body structures and locate abnormally dense structures (tumors, tuberculosis nodules) in the lungs and breasts
|
|
when is it used? to diagnose fractures and dense tumors
|
|
.png)
 image.png)
 image.png)
 image.png)
 image.png)
.png)
 image.png)
 image.png)
 image.png)
 image.png)
 image.png)
 image.png)
 image.png)
Created By
Metadata
Favourited By
Comments
No comments yet. Add yours below!
Add a Comment
Related Cheat Sheets
More Cheat Sheets by julescrisfulla