Origins of Prejudice
Psychological Function |
people inflate their own self-worth by disliking groups they see as inferior |
Social and Cutlural Function |
by disliking "them", we feel closer to others who are like us |
Economic Function |
legitimized unequal economic treatment |
Conception to First Year
Germinal |
conception to implantation |
Embryonic |
implantation to 8 weeks |
Fetal |
8 weeks to birth |
Stages of Cognitive Development
Sensorimotor Stage (0-2) |
learning through concrete actions, coordinates sensory information with bodily movements, major accomplishment is object permanence |
Preoperational Stage (2-7) |
focused on limitations in children's thinking, engage in egocentric thinking (inability to take answer persons perspective), cannot grasp concept of conservation |
Concrete Operational Stage (7-12) |
earlier limitations overcome but primarily with concrete information, continue to make errors in reasoning about abstract concepts, understand principles of conservation, reversibility, cause and effect |
Formal Operations Stage (12+) |
teenagers become capable of abstract reasoning, ideas/concepts |
ABC model of attitudes
Affective Component |
how we feel towards an object (ABC Model) |
Behavioral Component |
how we behave towards and object (ABC Model) |
Cognitive Component |
what we believe about an object (ABC Model) |
Three Types of Lovers
Secure Attachment Styles |
find it relatively easy to become close to others and are comfortable depending on lovers and being depended on. |
Avoidant Attachment Styles |
somewhat uncomfortable being close to others and have difficulty trusting others and depending on them. |
Anxious-Ambivalent Attachment Styles |
worry that their lovers are less interested in closeness that they are. |
Factors Leading to Disobedience
1) when the experimenter left the room
2) when the victim was right there in the room
3) when two experimenters issued conflicting demands
4) when the person ordering them to continue was an ordinary man
5) when the participant worked with peers who refused to go further |
Teratogens
1) German measles (rubella)
2) x-rays or other radiation and toxic chemicals such as lead
3) sexually transmitted disease
4) cigarette smoking
5) regular consumption of alcohol (Fetal Alcohol Syndrome)
6) drugs other than alcohol |
Parenting Styles
1. authoritarian
2. permissive
3. authoritative |
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Kohlberg's stages of Moral Development
Level One: Pre-conventional reasoning (individual) |
Stage One: Obedience and punishment |
morality is external, rules are fixed and absolute, obey rules to avoid punishment |
Level One: Pre-conventional reasoning (individual) |
Stage Two: Individualism and exchange |
recognize individual point of view, judge actions based on how they serve individual interests |
Level Two: Conventional reasoning (society) |
Stage Three: Interpersonal relationship |
focus on living up to sical expectations and roles, emphasis on conormity and being nice, considering how choices affect social relationship |
Level Two: Conventional reasoning (society) |
Stage Four: Maintaining Social Order |
consider osicety as a whole, focus on maintaining law and order, follow the rules, doing your duty and respect authority |
Level Three: Post-conventional (universal principles of justice) |
Stage Five: Social contract and individual rights |
rules of law are important for maintaining society, but memebers of society should agree on the rules, social contract, |
Level Three: Post-conventional (universal principles of justice) |
Stage Six: Universal Principles |
morality is internal, reasoning based on universal ethical principles and abstract reasoning, follow internalized principles of justice even if they are in conflict with laws and rules |
Types of Tasks
Addictive Tasks |
members preform parallel actions |
Conjunctive Task |
the members are only productive as its weakest members. |
Group Dynamics |
memberships or participation in a group influences our thoughts and behaviors. |
Disjunctive Task |
requires a single solution the most competent person in the group is likely to provide the solution. |
Divisible Tasks |
involve the simultaneously performance of several different activities, the different strengths of group members complement one another. |
Symptoms of Groupthink
1) illusion if invulnerability
2) self-censorship
3) pressure on dissenters to conform
4) an illusion of unamity |
5 Key Factors to Liking Someone
1) Similarity
2) Proximity
3) Self-Disclouser
4) Situational Factors
5) Physical Attractiveness |
Factors that promote insecure attachment
1) abandonment and deprivation in the first two years of life
2) parenting that is abusive, neglectful or erratic because the parent is chronically irresponsible or depressed
3) the child's own genetically influenced temperament
4) changing, stressful circumstances in the child family. |
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