Cheatography
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Nervous SystemHow It Works Sensory input - detection of stimulus | |
Integration - processing in the brain | |
Motor Output - response in other body part | Central Nervous System brain and spinal cord | Peripheral Nervous System Afferent System (sensory) - receives input from body receptors and transmits signals to CNS | |
Efferent System (motor) - carries signal from CNS to body |
Efferent (Motor) DivisionSomatic System responds to external and internal stimuli by sending signals to skeletal muscles (voluntary) | Autonomic System involuntary. signals to smooth muscle, cardiac, and organs | |
1) Sympathetic Nervous System - prepares body for stress, affected by epinephrine | |
2) Parasympathetic Nervous System - restores body back to normal |
Reflex ArcSimplest type of neural circuit | regulates reflexes | rapid involuntary response to stimuli | integration occurs in spinal cord rather than brain |
| | Neve SignalsNeurons Each Have | enlarged cell body, axon, dendrites | | | body- nucleus and organelles | | | axon- conducts signals from one neutron to next | | | dendrites- receives signals and sends to cell body | *Glial Cells | not neurons, help provide and support nerve cells. | 1) Schwann Cells | wrap around axon of a neuron to provide insulation (high lipid content) | | | form myelin sheath | | | gaps between them are called Node of Ranvier |
Na+ / K+ PumpATP drives active transport | 3 Na+ pumped out - 2 K+ pumped in |
...Membrane Potential | V= V(inside) - V(outside) | | | resting potential of neuron is -70mV | Action Potential | depolarization followed by reploarization. | | | increase in membrane potential followed by a decrease |
| | PhasesPhase 1: RESTING STATE before neuron receives stimulus (-70mv) | |
Na+ channels closed | |
K+ channels closed | Phase 2: THRESHOLD depolrization stimulus opens Na+ channels | |
reaches threshold (-50mV) | Phase 3: DEPOLARIZATION depolarization opens all Na+ channels, positive feedback | Phase 4: REPOLARIZING after peak action potential (+30mV) | |
K+ channels begin to open (flow of K+ depolarizes cell) | |
Na+ channels begin to close | Phase 5: UNDERSHOOT K+ channels close very slowly (-80+) |
SynapseSynapse cell junction that controls communication between neuron and other body cells | Electrical Synapse rapid transmission. Current from presynaptic cell flows through postsynaptic cell | |
channels between adjacent cells | Chemical Synapse synaptic cleft - gap separating cells | |
synaptic vesicles - sacs at synaptic terminal containing neurotransmitters | |
presynaptic membrane depolarized. Ca2+ channels open. Stimulates exocytosis of synaptic vesicle | Neurotransmitters excitation or inhibition effect | |
Acetylcholine - triggers muscle contractions, hormones, wakefulness, memory. Most common | |
Endorphins - released during pleasure or stress |
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