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HomeostasisNervous System rapid response to stimuli via electrical signals | Endocrine System long-term response using chemical signals (hormones) |
Homeostatic MechanismsSensor detects environmental stimulus | Integrator receives and processes signals | Effector cells respond to regulatory signals |
Feedback MechanismsNegative Feedback | primary mechanism of homeostasis. Used to produce opposite effect of the change and bring back to homeostasis. | Positive Feedback | increases the effects of change produced by environmental stimulus. Does not bring back to homeostasis. | Thermo- regulation | Conduction, Convection, Radiation, Evaporation |
| | ThermoregulationHeat Stress | 1) Monitor | | | thermoreceptors of peripheral nervous system detect increased temp | | | 2) Coordinate | | | hypothalamus signals CNS via motor nerves to sweat glands | | | 3) Regulate | | | sweat glands initiate sweating, blood vessels dilate | Cold Stress | 1) Monitor | | | thermoreceptors signal hypothalamus using sensory neurons | | | 2) Coordinate | | | hypothalamus sends message via motor neurons | | | 3) Regulate | | | arterioles and smooth muscle of skin contract, captures heat, skeletal muscles contract- shivering |
| | OsmoregulationOsmosis water from high conc. to low conc. | Osmoregulation regulating osmotic pressure of bodily fluids and cells, management of bodies water and solute content | Excretion composition of bodily fluids. regulation of blood pH, volume, and pressure. Excretion of metabolic waste. |
Nitrogenous WasteAmmonia released when liver breaks down proteins - by deamination. Very soluble and toxic. Must be diluted w/ H2O | Urea product of Ammonia and CO2. Conversion occurs in liver. Low toxicity. | Uric Acid product of nucleic acid breakdown. Released through liver metabolism. Non toxic and insoluble in H2O |
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