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Role as First Aider (4Ps)Preserve | Preserve life for life-threatening conditions | Prevent | Prevent injury from worsening | Provide | Provide comfort and relief after damage is under control | Promote | Promote recovery |
Shock TypesAnaphylactic | Due to Allergic reaction | Cardiogenic | Due to myocardial infarction (heart attack) | Hypovolemic | Due to severe blood loss (>20%) | Neurogenic | Due to damage to central nervous system (eg. spinal cord) | Septic | Due to bacterial/viral/fungal infection |
Consciousness Level (AVPU)Alertness | If casualty is alert and awake | Voice | If casualty can talk | Pain | If casualty can feel and respond to pain | Unresponsive | If casualty is unresponsive to any stimulant |
| | CPR (DRSABC)Danger | Check for danger around the casualty | Response | Check for response from the casualty | Shout | Shout for help (995 & AED) | Airway | Clear the airway (head-tilt-chin-lift) | Breathing | Check for breathing, and give 2 breathes | Compression | Start compression (30-2 cycle) |
Soft Tissue Injury (RICE)Rest | Rest the casualty down (chair/floor) | Ice | Apply ice or cold pack on the injury | Compress | Apply pressure on the injury | Elevate | Raise the injury above the heart |
Fracture (DOTS)Deformity | If the body part is deformed | Openess | If the injury is opened or closed | Tenderness | If the injury is tender to the touch | Swelling | If there's any swelling on the injury |
Small Burns (4Cs)Cool | Cool under running water | Constrictors | Remove any constrictors on the casualty | Cover | Cover with protective film | Consult | Consult medical care |
Stroke (FAST)Face | If one side of face is dropped | Arm | If one side of body is weak | Speech | If speech is slurred | Time | Time to call 995 |
Seizure (ACTION)Assess | Check for danger around the casualty | Cushion | Cushion the head from hitting the ground | Time | How long has the seizure continued | Identification | Over | Is it over? | Never |
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