Chain in InfectionInfection Agent | This infectious agent is any microorganism that is capable of producing an infection. | • Autoclaving instruments destroys an infectious agent | Reservior Host | This is the place where the microorganism resides. it can be a food, water, or human source | • Eliminating water and refrigeration of food | Route of Transmission | can be direct or indirect transmission which involves an intermmediate | • washing of hands helps prevent transmission. | Susceptible Host | This is the person who is susceptible to an infection. A compromised host is a person at increased risk. | Portal of Entry | This is the place where the infectious agent enters the body | • A needle stick entry allows agent to enter host. | Portal of Exit | In order for an etiologic agent to establish an infection, the microorganism must leave the reservior. |
Viral Infection | ParotitisParotitis | Mumps | Agent | Mumps virus | Incubation | 14-21 days | Per. of com. | Shortly before & after onset of parotitis | Transmission | Direct & indirect contact. | Symptoms | fever, headache, anorexia, malaise | Treatment | Analgesic for pain and antipyretic |
Bacterial Infection | HelminthicHelminths are pathogenic or parasitic worms | • Namatodes | Roundworms | • Trematodes | Flukes | • Cestodes | Tapeworms | Reservoir | eggs of feces or urine | Transmission | oral cavity by food or hands |
Bacterial Infection | ParasiticOrganisms that live on and obtain their food supply. Frequently seen parasites in children are lice and scabies | Pediculosis capitis (Head lice) | Sx | Small, white flecks on hair shaft, Extreme pruritus | Treatment | Wash with shampoo, fine toothed comb | Pediculosis (Public lice) | Sx | Same as for head lice except on pubic hair | Treatment | same as head lice | Scabies (Female mite) | Sx | Black burrow filled w/ mite feces 1-2 in. | Treatment | wash area with lindane or permethrin |
| | The Infectious ProcessPathogen any organism that causes disease: | Viruses, bacteria | rickettsiae | Helminths | Fungi | 4 Phases or Periods | Incubation: time between entry and onset of symptoms | Prodromal: time when person feels abnormal or weak | Illness: person feels typical symptoms. | Convalescent: person recovers from the infection |
Viral Infection | Enxanthem SubitumExanthem Subitum | Roseola infantum | viral infection of very young children that causes high fever followed by a rash. ages 6 mos to 3 yrs. | Agent | Human Herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6) | Incubation | Approx. 10 days | Per. of com. | During febrile period | Transmission | Unknown | Symptoms | high fever, rash develops | Treatment | measures to reduce discomfort |
Viral Infection | RubellaRubella | German Measles | Affects older school age and adolescent | Agent | Rubella virus | Incubation | 14 to 21 days | Per. of com. | approx 7-5 days after rashes appear | Transmission | Direct and indirect contact w/ droplets | Symptoms | fever, malaise, anorexia, conjuctivitis. | Treatments | reduce discomfort of rash & fever |
Viral Infection | RubeolaRubeola | Measles (koplik's spot) | Sometimes called brown or black, regular or 7day measles to differentiate it from rubella. (german 3days) | Agent | Measles virus | Incubation | 10-12 days | Per. of com. | 5th day till the first few days of rashes | Transmission | Direst & indirect contact w/ droplets | Symptoms | fever, malaise, coryza, conjunctivitis. | Treatment | reduce discomfort of rash and fever |
Viral Infection | VaricellaVaricella | Chicken Pox | It causes an itchy rash with small, fluid-filled blisters. | Agent | Varicella zoster virus | Incubation | 10-12 days | Per. of com. | day before rash to 5-6 days after | Transmission | Direct & indirect contact. | Symptoms | fever, malaise, lesions, vesicle to crust | Treatment | antihistamine, antipyretic, acyclovir |
| | Viral Infection | Herpes ZosterHerpes Zoster | Shingles | Once you have had chickenpox, varicella-zoster virus remains in your body's nerve tissues and never really goes away. Herpes zoster could be activated | Agent | Varicella zoster virus | Incubation | 2-12 days | Per. of com. | day before rash to 5-6 days after | Transmission | Direct & indirect contact. | Symptoms | pruritus, cutaneous vesicular lesions | Treatment | acyclovir, analgesia for pain |
Viral Infection | VariolaVariola | Smallpox | Agent | Smallpox virus | Incubation | 7-17 days | Per. of com. | from onset of rash till crust shed | Transmission | Direct & indirect contact. | Prodromal | 3-4 days of chills, fever, vomiting | Symptoms | macules, papules, vesicles & pustules | Treatment | VIG to suppress symptoms & antibiotics |
Viral Infection | PoliovirusPoliovirus | Poliomyelitis (infantile paralysis) | Agent | Polio virus | Incubation | 7-17 days | Per. of com. | 1-6 weeks. before onset of Sx | Transmission | Direct & indirect contact. | Symptoms | Fever, nausea, body pain, vomiting | Treatment | bed rest, analgesia, moist hot packs |
Viral Infection | RabiesAgent | Rabies virus | Incubation | 2-6 weeks as long as 12 months | Per. of com. | 3-2 days before onset of Sx | Transmission | Bite of rabid animals, saliva | Symptoms | hyperexcitability, twitching, seizure | Treatment | Rabies vaccine and anti-rabies serum |
Bacterial Infection | Rickettsia• A genus of small, rod-shaped, round to pleomorphic | • True bacteria, gram neg, cultivable in living tissues | Pathogenesis | Replicate in endothelial cells, skin rash | Transmission | Transmitted by lice, fleas, ticks, mites |
Bacterial Infection | FungalChildren fungi can cause superficial infection on skin, nails and hair like oral thrush | Superficial | on the skin | Subcutaneous | Tissues under the skin | Systemic | in deeper tissues |
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