The Cell Theory1. All things are made of cells | 2. Cells are the basic units of structure and function in all living things | 3. All cells come from preexisting cells |
Cytoplasm- Water with some chemicals and minerals that surrounds organelles
- Where messages pass through |
Cell Membrane/Plasma Membrane-Surrounds the cell
-Two identical layers (bilayers) made of lipids
-Proteins that act like doors are embedded in the membrane
-Carbohydrate patterns that are unique to every person are on the outside of the membrane; these allow their bodies to recognize which cells are their's and fight off the ones that are not |
Ribosomes- Small organelle that makes proteins
- Made of two sub units, one big, one small, the big one is on the top
- Free Ribosomes: Ribosomes floating in the cytoplasm, the proteins they make are used inside the cell
- Bound Ribosomes Ribosomes attached to the endoplasmic reticulm, the proteins they make are sent and used outside the cell
- Some cells have more ribosomes than other cells |
Chloroplasts- Found in plants, bacteria and protists
- Use light, carbon dioxide and water in photosynthesis to make glucose
- Also has cristae
- The cristae are in stacks called thylakoid membranes
* Thylakoid membranes look like stacked coins
- Holds pigments such as chlorophyll |
LysosomesContains enzymes to break down:
-Food (in food vacuoles)
-Old organelles
-Cellular debris |
DiffusionWhen molecules in a liquid or gas state move from a more concentrated place to a less concentrated place. |
Facilitated DiffusionSometimes, the membrane will not let a molecule through so the cell will use facilitated diffusion which is when a protein helps move the molecule across the membrane. It also doesn't require energy. |
| | Five Kingdoms of Living Things1. Plants | 2. Animals | 3. Fungi | 4. Bacteria | 5. Protists |
Mitochondria- Powerhouse of the cell
- Produces ATP using glucose
- Two layers for more surface area, the inner layer is the cristae
- Different cells can have more or less mitochondria than different cells
- Plants also have mitochondria |
Endoplasmic Reticulum- Highway where chemicals are transported around the cell
- Endoplasmic reticulum means intercellular network
- Smooth ER: Detoxifies things (breaks down bad chemicals)
- Rough ER: Has ribosomes, sends proteins to other places in the cell |
Vacuoles- Sacs used for storing anything (ie: food, water, salts, pigment, gases)
- Vacuoles in plant cells are huge (they are used when the plant has no other nutrition) and hold all other pigments except green, which is in the chloroplasts
- Vacuoles also provide support and store poison in poisonous plants |
Vocab WordsSpontaneous Generation | The (false) idea that living things can come from nonliving things | Autotrophic Cells | Cells that use sunlight to make food | Heterotrophic Cells | Cells that cannot make their own food | Eukaryotic Cells | Cells that have a nucleus | Prokaryotic Cells | Cells that don't have nuclei | Homeostasis | The ability of an organism to keep it's internal environment suitable for living | Insulin | A hormone made in the pancreas that controls blood sugar | Channel Protein | A protein that moves molecules across the cell membrane |
| | Cell Wall- In plants, fungi and protists but not animals
- Porous to let things through
- Rigid (100x thicker than membrane)
- Maintains shape and protects cells
- Attaches to other cell walls to form strong structures (plants need to be strong but don't have skeletons) |
Nucleus- Brain of cell
- Holds DNA (23 pairs of chromosomes)
- Nuclear Membrane: Also porus
- Nucleolus: Densest part, makes ribosomes
*Bacteria have no nuclei so the DNA just floats around in the cytoplasm |
Golgi Apparatus- Puts molecules in vesicles and ships them around or out of cells
- Receives things from other cells
- Looks like flattened sacks that look like pita bread
- Has a receiving side (cis face) and a shipping side (trans face)
- Golgi apparatus "finishes" packaging things after the rough ER |
Cytoskeleton- Skeleton of cell (ie: microfilaments, microtubes)
- Some cells can move using:
Flagella: few, long, whip-like structures outside the cells
Cillia: hundreds of short, hairlike structures outside the cells |
Cytoskeleton- Skeleton of cell (ie: microfilaments, microtubes)
- Some cells can move using:
Flagella: few, long, whip-like structures outside the cells
Cillia: hundreds of short, hairlike structures outside the cells |
MembranesPermeable Membrane: A membrane that lets everything through.
Semipermeable Membrane: A membrane that lets some things through.
Impermeable Membrane: A membrane that doesn't let things through. |
Active TransportUsing energy and a protein to force a molecule through the membrane against the concentration gradient. |
Important ScientistsRobert Hooke: 1665 Looked at a cork an saw little chambers that he named cells because they looked like rooms in a monastery.
Antony Van Leeuwenhock: 1665 Saw living cells and called them animalcules.
Matthias Schleiden: 1839 Said plants were made of cells.
Theodor Schwann: 1839 Said animals were made of cells.
-Together, Schleiden and Schwann first proposed the Cell Theory.
Rudof Virchow: 1855 Said that cells always came from preexisting cells. |
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