Biology Unit 2: Cells by bittersweetkarma

- Water with some chemicals and minerals that surrounds organelles
- Where messages pass through

-Surrounds the cell
-Two identical layers (bilayers) made of lipids
-Proteins that act like doors are embedded in the membrane
-Carbo­hydrate patterns that are unique to every person are on the outside of the membrane; these allow their bodies to recognize which cells are their's and fight off the ones that are not

- Small organelle that makes proteins
- Made of two sub units, one big, one small, the big one is on the top
- Free Riboso­mes: Ribosomes floating in the cytoplasm, the proteins they make are used inside the cell
- Bound Riboso­mes Ribosomes attached to the endopl­asmic reticulm, the proteins they make are sent and used outs­ide the cell
- Some cells have more ribosomes than other cells

- Found in plants, bacteria and protists
- Use light, carbon dioxide and water in photos­ynt­hesis to make glucose
- Also has cristae
- The cristae are in stacks called thyl­akoid membra­nes
* Thylakoid membranes look like stacked coins
- Holds pigments such as chloro­phyll

Contains enzymes to break down:
-Food (in food vacuol­es)
-Old organelles
-Cellular debris

When molecules in a liquid or gas state move from a more concen­trated place to a less concen­trated place.

Sometimes, the membrane will not let a molecule through so the cell will use facili­tated diffusion which is when a protein helps move the molecule across the membrane. It also doesn't require energy.

Diffusion for water.

- Powerhouse of the cell
- Produces ATP using glucose
- Two layers for more surface area, the inner layer is the cris­tae
- Different cells can have more or less mitoch­ondria than different cells
- Plants also have mitoch­ondria

- Highway where chemicals are transp­orted around the cell
- Endopl­asmic reticulum means interc­ellular network
- Smooth ER: Detoxifies things (breaks down bad chemicals)
- Rough ER: Has ribosomes, sends proteins to other places in the cell

- Sacs used for storing anything (ie: food, water, salts, pigment, gases)
- Vacuoles in plant cells are huge (they are used when the plant has no other nutrition) and hold all other pigments except green, which is in the chloro­plasts
- Vacuoles also provide support and store poison in poisonous plants

- In plants, fungi and protists but not animals
- Porous to let things through
- Rigid (100x thicker than membrane)
- Maintains shape and protects cells
- Attaches to other cell walls to form strong structures (plants need to be strong but don't have skeletons)

- Brain of cell
- Holds DNA (23 pairs of chromo­somes)
- Nuclear Membrane: Also porus
- Nucleolus: Densest part, makes ribosomes
*Bacteria have no nuclei so the DNA just floats around in the cytoplasm

- Puts molecules in vesi­cles and ships them around or out of cells
- Receives things from other cells
- Looks like flattened sacks that look like pita bread
- Has a receiving side (cis face) and a shipping side (trans face)
- Golgi apparatus "­fin­ish­es" packaging things after the rough ER

- Skeleton of cell (ie: microf­ila­ments, microt­ubes)
- Some cells can move using:
Flag­ella: few, long, whip-like structures outside the cells
Cill­ia: hundreds of short, hairlike structures outside the cells

- Skeleton of cell (ie: microf­ila­ments, microt­ubes)
- Some cells can move using:
Flag­ella: few, long, whip-like structures outside the cells
Cill­ia: hundreds of short, hairlike structures outside the cells

Perm­eable Membra­ne: A membrane that lets everything through.
Semi­per­meable Membra­ne: A membrane that lets some things through.
Impe­rmeable Membra­ne: A membrane that doesn't let things through.

Using energy and a protein to force a molecule through the membrane against the concen­tration gradient.

Robert Hooke: 1665 Looked at a cork an saw little chambers that he named cells because they looked like rooms in a monastery.
Antony Van Leeuwe­nhock: 1665 Saw living cells and called them anima­lcu­les.
Matthias Schleiden: 1839 Said plants were made of cells.
Theodor Schwann: 1839 Said animals were made of cells.
-Together, Schleiden and Schwann first proposed the Cell Theory.
Rudof Virchow: 1855 Said that cells always came from preexi­sting cells.