Cheatography
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Organic Compound Properties
This is a draft cheat sheet. It is a work in progress and is not finished yet.
Organic Reactions
Substitution Reactions |
Alkanes: |
Alkane + Halogen → Haloalkane |
Haloalkanes: |
Haloalkane + NaOH → Alcohol |
Haloalkane + NH₃ → Amine |
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Addition Reactions |
Alkenes: |
Alkene + Hydrogen -Metal Catalyst→ Alkane |
Alkene + H₂O -H₃PO₄ Catalyst→ Alcohol |
Alkene + Hydrogen Halide → Haloalkane |
Alkene + Halogen → Dihaloalkane |
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Hydrolysis Reactions |
Esters: |
Ester + H₂O → Carboxylic Acid + Alcohol |
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Oxidation Reactions |
Alcohols: |
Primary Alcohol + Inorganic Oxidant → Aldehyde (Low Temp) or Carboxylic Acid (High Temp) |
Secondary Alcohol + Inorganic Oxidant → Ketone |
Tertiary alcohols can't undergo oxidation |
Aldehydes: |
Aldehyde + Inorganic Oxidant → Carboxylic Acid |
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Condensation Reactions |
Carboxylic Acids: |
Esterification: Carboxylic Acid + Alcohol → Ester + H₂O |
Carboxylic Acid + NH₃ → Primary Amide + H₂O |
Carboxylic Acid + Primary Amine → Secondary Amide + H₂O |
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Important Oxidants to Remember
Potassium Dichromate (K₂Cr₂O₇) |
Potassium Permanganate (KMnO₄) |
Organic Compound Physical Properties
Alkanes |
Low BP due to dispersion forces & 1x bonds |
Straight chains compress more closely → higher BP & dispersion forces |
Non-polar → insoluble in H₂O |
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Alkenes & Alkynes |
Low BP |
Non-polar → insoluble in H₂O |
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Haloalkanes |
Weak dispersion forces, but allows stronger dipole-dipole attractions |
Higher BP than alkanes |
Low solubility due to insignificant dipole-dipole interactions |
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Alcohols, Carboxylic Acids, Amines & Amides |
All have functional groups that form H-bonds (strongest intermolecular force) |
High BP due to H-bonds |
Highest-lowest BP for alcohol types: primary, secondary, tertiary |
Soluble |
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Aldehydes, Ketones & Esters |
Held by dipole-dipole attractions |
Low BP due to no H-bonding with each other |
Soluble in H₂O due to H-bonding |
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Physical Properties
Boiling Point → increases with size |
Solubility → decreases with size |
Viscosity: A fluid's resistance to flow. Increases by chain length and/or greater intermolecular force
attractions |
Flashpoint: The lowest temp that a substance in vapour form combusts/ignites. Works hand-in-hand with BP, but is always lower than BP |
Percentage Yield Formula
% Yield = (AY÷TY) x 100 |
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Actual Yield (AY) |
Theoretical Yield (TY) |
Actual amount made |
Estimated amount made by stoichiometry |
Usually given in
question |
Calculating The Overall % Yield
If A→B has % yield and the following reaction is B→C with %, and ..., then overall yield = (%) x (%) x ..., x 100 |
Atom Economy
Atom Economy = (Mᵣ of wanted product ÷ Mᵣ of ALL reactants) x 100 |
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Measure of how many atoms in reactants end up in wanted product → aim to maximise atom economy |
An indication of greeness (minimised waste & more products) |
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